Child Development Chapter 5

PSYC 312

Baby Andreas watchings his father shave, and hours later, mimics this behavior. This is an example of

symbolic play

object permanence

deferred imitation

means-ends analysis

displaced reference

deferred imitation

Baby Jamal watches as a parent puts his stuffed bunny repeatedly in a certain location and retrieves the stuffed bunny from that location. Next, the parents put the stuffed bunny in the same location, but then moves the stuffed bunny to another location while Jamal watches. Jamal continues to search for the stuffed bunny in the first location. This is an example of

object permanence

memory recall

displaced reference

mental representation

A-not B-error

A-not B-error

The __ view asserts that infants have greater innate cognitive ability than Piaget assumed.

developmental

violation of expectation

information processing

nativist

object permanence

nativist

Violation-of-expectation experiments have been used to examine whether infants

have mastered A-not B tasks

have an innate understanding of the laws of physics (such as gravity)

understand the mental states of others

can remember a novel object

have developed the ability to mentally represent the world

have an innate understanding of the laws of physics (such as gravity)

Five month old Shaheen does not look longer when he sees an object “floating” in air without support. This would refute the claim that he

understands object persistence

has an innate understanding of gravity and support

has expectations regarding the weight of objects

is interested in the object

is capable of means-ends analysis

has an innate understanding of gravity and support

Is an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 0 month old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio. of2:3, while 6 month old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the two infants’ number sense?

Jasmine is able to mentally represent numbers while Kylie is not

Jasmine has learned to count, while Kylie has not

Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie

Jasmine is able to deal with bigger numbers than Kylie

Jasmine has gained the ability to understand ratios, while Kylie has not

Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie

How might a proponent of a developmental systems view explain an infant’s lack of success in the tradition A-not-B task as described by Piaget?

An A-not B error demonstrates an infants limited understanding of object permanence

An A-not-B. error demonstrates an infants understanding of object permanence

An A-not B error may be due to a violation of expectation rather than lack of object permanence

An A-not-B error may be due to factors such as preservation and feedback from repeated actions rather than an infant’s understanding of object permanence

An A-not-B error may be due to factors such as preservation and feedback from repeated actions rather than an infant’s understanding of object permanence

The stage of attention when an infant starts to process stimuli and learning occurs is referred to as

orientation

automatic response

sustained attention

selective attention

cognitive processing stage

sustained attention

A researcher notes that 9-month old Sebastian is watching a picture and his heart rate has steadily slowed down from when the stimulus was first presented. What is the researcher’s most likely interpretation?

Sebastian is processing the stimulus and is in the sustained attention phase

Sebastian is transitioning to an attention termination phase

Sebastian has detected a stimulus and is entering the orientation phase

Sebastian has detected a stimulus and has entered the automatic response phase

Sebastian is no longer processing the stimulus and is blank-staring at the stimulus

Sebastian is processing the stimulus and is in the sustained attention phase

Findings that infants do not show the same abilities in selective attention as seen at later points in development may

indicate a lack of brain maturity

explain why infants are unable to perform A-not-B tasks

be adaptive and allow infants notice a lot of things about their environment

predict future attentiveness to detail (or lack thereof) later in life

indicate that learning is hindered by the introduction of too much distration

be adaptive and allow infants notice a lot of things about their environment

In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as

infants having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object

infant understanding object permanence

infant being interested in the specific features of the novel stimulus

infants degree of selective attention

infant have a cognitive delay

infant have encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object

researchers have used conjugate mobile experiments to study infants’

ability to perform deferred imitation

coordination of secondary circular reactions

understanding object permanence

duration of memory

goal-directed actions

duration of memory

According to research on the impacts of socioeconomic environment on infant development, infants from low-income households on average are at greater risk of not achieving full cognitive potential. This is most likely the result of

greater frequency of single parenthood

genetic influences that shape environment

limited experience with cultural objects that appear in standardized tests

a combination of less stimulating home environments, poor nutrition, and limited access to learning materials

increased consumption of unhealthy foods and lack of sleep

a combination of less stimulating home environments, poor nutrition, and limited access to learning materials

Twelve-month-old Reese points at a puppy that has just entered the room. The caregiver interacts with Reese but does not look at the puppy. Reese continues to point persistently at the puppy. Researchers interpret such behavior as indicating that Reese

wants attention from the caregiver

is excited about seeing the puppy

wants to elicit joint attention with the caregiver

is pointing out something that is novel to her

has established joint attention

wants to elicit joint attention from a caregiver

what is the purpose of false-belief experiments?

to determine whether infants/toddlers understand other people’s beliefs

to determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own

to determine whether infants/toddlers have mastered the A-not-B task

to determine whether infants/toddlers can perform goal directed action

to determine whether infants/toddlers can help others correct false beliefs

to determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own

how miigh caregiver sensitivity and emotional availability impact an infants development of social cognition?

caregivers social interaction and social sensitivity such as infants in turn learn about others

caregivers can provide direct instruction on social cognition, telling infatns what to do to understand others’ emotions

caregivers can support infants’ regulation of emotions, allowing infants to then learn from their social environments

both a and c

all of the above

both a and c

the finding that “individuals who engage in joint attention in infancy tend to perform better on language acquisition tasks in childhood” is an example of

an information processing view of cognitive development

a native view of cognitive development

a developmental systems view of cognitive development

a cascade from social cognition

cross-cultural consistency of social cognition

a cascade from social cognition

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

children construct their knowledge from everyday experiences, children are “little scientists” they generate hypotheses, perform experiments, and draw conclusions

Piaget believed children learned through

assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

Sensorimotor Stage

Schema’s are limited to sense and motor. Children start with reflexive exploration and exploration through the mouth to repetitive circular behavior

Deferred Imitation

Copying someones actions hours or days later

Displaced Reference

using words to refer to things that are not present (ie. pointing at grass and saying “doggy” referencing remembering petting a dog the previous day)

Object Permanence

objects continue to exist independent of ones immediate perceptual experiences

A-not-B task error

failed to change their search behaviors based on an objects new location

A-not-B task

Researcher repeatedly hides object at location A and is successful upon retrieval, researcher hides it in location B, infant will continue looking in location A - fixed when infants are able to mentally represent the world

Core Capacities

building blocks to cognitive development allowing infants to make sense of their environment (in areas like numbers, physical properties and objects)

Violation of Expectation Paradign

a looking technique based on a habituation and dis-habituation procedure that compares infant looking at certain “expected” events compared to “unexpected” events

Principle of Persistence

innate understanding that objects retain physical properties such as height

Aproximate Number Sense

Infant ability to estimate the approximate magnitude of items in a set without relying on counting - comes around 5 mo (why infants choose 18 cheerios instead of 3)

Information Processing Theory

emphasis on infant attention, encoding and memory for information

Means-Ends Analysis

ability to identify and execute necessary actions (the means) to achieve a specific goal (the end) (ie. crawling across room to desired object)

Structures

regions and neural connections in the brain involved in cognitive processes such as memory and cognition

Processes

mental processes such as attention and perception involved in cognition

Automatic Response

detect stimulus measured by raised heart rate

Stimulus Orientation

infant turns toward stimuli (heart slows)

Sustained Attention

learning occurs here - brain is alert and heart rate is slowed

Attention Terination

no longer processing info, heart rate returns to baseline

Selective Attention

the process of directing attention to relevant information in the environment while ignoring irrelevant info (infants have poor selective attention)

Habituation rate

the time it takes for a decrease in infants response to a stimulus after repeated exposures to the stimulus

Novelty reference

the rebounding of infant attention to a novel stimulus relative to a familiar stimulus experienced previously

Habituation - Recovery Studies

A way to measure memory where an infant rebounds his attention to a new stimulus relative to a familiar stimulus

Conjugate Mobile Studies

infants leg is tied to mobile, kicking causes mobile to move - tie is removed infants later kick in response to mobile indicating memory

Deferred Imitation Tasks

Tests whether infants can later reproduce the actions of other people based on live interactions or what they can see on screens (around 6 mo)

HOME

a gold standard instrument using a checklist of factors to measure infant home experience

Joint Attention

the shared attention of two individuals on the same object or event (shifts in gaze, head turning and pointing are ways that infants engage in joint attention)

False Belief

a thought about another persons knowledge that doesn’t match reality

Mental State Vocabulary

vocab that refers to internal workings of peoples minds like “think” and know”

What is the sensorimotor period?

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development spanning from birth - 2yrs

How is mental representation developed in the last substage of the sensorimotor period?

Infants learned deferred imitation, object permanence, and symbolic play

how do dynamic theorists challenge Piaget’s theory

dynamic theorists argue infants performance on A-not-B task is influenced by factors by motor development and attentional processes, rather than a fixed cognitive stage

how do natavist theorists challenge Piaget’s theory

they have shown that infants as young as 3 months old can understand object permanence

Violation of Expectancy Paradigm and how does it show evidence of infants understanding of object properties of solidity, and understanding of object support and gravity, and approximate number sense

involves presenting infants with events that violate their expectations, infants look at impossible events longer than possible events, which suggests their understanding of these underlying perinciples

arguments to the nativist view state?

infants understanding of core concepts may be acquired through experience and learning rather than being innate. Infants of these concepts can be influenced by cultural factors and environmental experiences.

What are the three phases of attention for infants?

orienting, sustaining and shifting

How do information processing approaches explain infant attention and working memory?

Information processing approaches emphasize the role of cognitive processes such as encoding and storage and retrieval

What are the three methods researchers use to study infant memory?

A. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

B. Habituation, preferential looking, and evoked potentials.

C. Deferred imitation, recognition memory, and cued recall.

D. Longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and sequential studies.

C. Deferred imitation, recognition memory and cued recall

What does HOME measure?

It measures the quality of the home environment, including factors like parental responsiveness, stimulation, and organization

What are examples of intervention programs?

Head Start and Early Head Start aim to provide infants and parents living in poverty with educational and social support

What did Vygotsky contribute to infant joint attention and gaze following?

emphasized importance of social interaction and cultural tools, infant joint attention and gaze following are examples of social interactions contributing to cognitive development

what is the significance of infant pointing?

infant pointing is a significant indicator of social cognition, suggesting tat infants understand the intentions of others