history final vocab

enlightenment

an intellectual movement in europe in the 170s where new ideas came to light around government/society

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people in their natural state are selfish, need government to keep them in check (social contract → give up some rights in exchange for government protection)

John Locke

people are inherently reasonable, believed in (created) the idea of classical liberalism, the government is there to protect the natural rights of the people (life liberty and property) if they fail, citizens can revolt.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

people are naturally free, but completely dependent on others in society. People should join in a society governed by the general will of the people which is the source of law. If everyone subjects themselves to the general will, they can remain free. Construct a society where people are equal in condition, then they can rely on each other in a way that helps them rely on each other while being free and safe (socialism).

Ancien Regime

"old order" in france, the political and social system pre french rev

Causes of the French Revolution

POLITICAL MISMANAGEMENT: Louis XVI spent a ton of money funding the American Revolution to get back at Britain, France went bankrupt, people didn't like Louis. ENLIGHTENMENT: new ideas for how to deal with government, should be protecting rights, can revolt if not. INEQUALITY: estates system, 98% of people paid all the taxes but only got ⅓ of the vote. BAD HARVEST: really yyy cold winter, crazy inflation on everything, no good crops, France bankrupt--not enough money to fix the problem.

Louis XVI

King of France when the French Revolution began, bankrupted France and then called a meeting to raise taxes but instead set off the revolution.

Estates-General

A group of representatives from each estate (upper class 1&2, everyone else 3) that met when the king called a meeting in hopes of raising taxes

National Assembly

The group created by the third estate soon after the meeting of the estates general

Storming of the Bastille

first action taken by the national assembly stormed the bastille

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

document of laws created by national assembly

Women's march on Versailles

a riot that took place during first phase of revolution, spontaneous by women in paris marketplaces, complained on high prices/no bread and marched paris → versailles

Radicalism

a belief in extreme political, economic, and social change.

Sans-culottes

literally "those without breeches", the urban masses, working cass urban people in France during the Revolution who became politically active

Jacobins

left wing revolutionaries who wanted to end the kings reign and establish french republic where public authority was from the people

Guillotine

big thing to execute people

Maximilien Robespierre

wanted a unified france, was a radical democrat, spearheaded the reign of terror

Reign of Terror

a time in france during french rev where there were thousands of public executions and revolution became more radical

Napoleon

french military officer who took over during the french revolution, one of the most successful generals (overthrew french government)

Napoleonic Code

removed privileges based on birth, abolished feudal system civil liberty and equality

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon led the grande armee into Russia from present day Poland, the Russian army refused to engage and it was a disaster for the French because of bad logistics/poor discipline/disease/weather (oops!)

Belgian Congo

the parliament of belgium's conquered land in the congo

Patrice Lumumba

first prime minister of the congo, after gaining independence

White Man's Burden

proposes that the white race is morally obligated to civilize non write races and encourage their development, believed superiority

East India Company

Trading company with power to be involved in political/military actions, had their own soldiers and forts

Sepoy Rebellion

the Sepoy Rebellion was a widespread uprising of Indian soldiers (sepoys) and civilians against British rule, sparked by grievances over military practices, cultural insensitivity, and British exploitation, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the British East India Company and the establishment of direct British government control over India.

Scramble for Africa

European powers rapidly divided and claimed almost all of Africa's land, disregarding the interests and rights of the indigenous African populations.

British Raj

British colony containing modern-day india, myanmar, bangladesh, created resource and market

King Leopold

the king of Belgium, saw territory in the middle of Africa hadn't been claimed because it wasn't possible to go up that part of the Congo river. He wanted this land for himself, turned native people into his army

Opium Wars

conflicts between china and the west over power and imperialism, British wanted to expand trade, specifically in opium, led to widespread addiction in China

Congo Free State

large area in central Africa controlled by Leopold

Henry Stanley

american reporter, con man, seems like he lies a lot but has enough success that people trust him. Writes a story about going into the congo and finding lost explorer, King Leopold asks Stanley to set up a colony just for him, he does (leopold supplies everything and Stanley runs it) They find a lot of ivory which becomes very profitable, begin using rubber made from the sap of a tree which becomes valuable

Century of Humiliation

a period in Chinese history, during which China suffered a series of foreign invasions, unequal treaties, and internal conflict. Weakening of the Qing Dynasty and the loss of Chinese sovereignty as foreign powers, particularly Western nations and Japan, imposed their will on China.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire vs Allied Powers → France, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, side-switcher Italy, and, from 1917 on, the United States.

Triple Entente → MDA between Great Britain, France, and Russia

Triple Alliance (central powers) → MDA between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (who switched to be replaced by the Ottomans)

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the heir to the Austrian/Hungarian empire

Garvrilo Princip

Killed Ferdinand, was 19 years old and a member of Young Bosnia, a terrorist group wanting a unified Slavic State

Schlieffen Plan

the German plan to invade France before attacking Russia, Had to be kept a secret so France wouldn't find out and couldn't prepare, Germany not able to win unless France was surprised, Russian military was weak so it was ok if they found out Germany attacked France

British/German naval arms race

A buildup of naval power between Britain and Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Germany aimed to challenge Britain's naval supremacy by expanding its fleet. Britain responded by expanding its own navy. → Heightened tensions between the two powers; symbolized the militarism and imperial rivalry that contributed to WWI.

July Crisis

The month-long diplomatic crisis following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914. Direct catalyst for the outbreak of WWI. Led to declarations of war in early August 1914, Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia, Alliance systems activate: Russia mobilizes for Serbia, Germany supports Austria, France and Britain eventually enter.

Postwar Cultural Shifts

Social and cultural changes after WWI, including disillusionment with traditional values, the rise of modernist art and literature, and greater roles for women and common people.

Trench Warfare

Stalemate due to modern weapons (machine guns, artillery) outpacing outdated tactics. Defensive positions became dominant. Prolonged the war; symbol of the brutality and futility of WWI.

Shellshock

A psychological condition suffered by soldiers exposed to prolonged bombardment and trauma, Early recognition of PTSD.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the U.S. (1913-1921); led America through the war and played a major role in postwar diplomacy, Advocated for a "just peace" and international cooperation through the League of Nations.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's peace proposal delivered to Congress. Influenced peace negotiations, although many points were compromised at the Paris Peace Conference. Open diplomacy.

Freedom of the seas and trade.

Reduction of armaments.

Self-determination: Ethnic groups should have the right to form their own nations.

Creation of the League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference

U.S. (Wilson), Britain (Lloyd George), France (Clemenceau), Italy (Orlando) met in Paris, Led to the Treaty of Versailles, Set the terms of peace and reshaped Europe's borders; sowed seeds of future conflict

Wilson: Just peace.

France/Britain: Punish Germany, gain reparations.

Treaty of Versailles

Resentment in Germany; seen as a contributing factor to WWII.

Facism

a far right political ideology promoting authoritarian rule while supressing democracy and poltical opposition

Benito Mussolini

founder of Italian facism, used a slow transition to strong totalitarian rule

Il Duce (leader) -- title given to Moussilini as leader of fascist Italy

Blackshirts

a military group formed by Moussilini's party

OVRA -- Moussilini's secret police, their job was to spy on and keep track to anymore who was opposing facism.

Cult of personality

political phenomenon where one leader is glorified and depicted as heroic on a new level

Treaty of Versailles

the peace treaty that ended WWI, left huge reparations on Germany leaving them weak and unstable, and Italy was unhappy because they didn't get the land.

Antisemitism

hostility or prejudice against Jews

Weimar Republic

the German democratic state that was established after WWI, it was formed by a coalition of Social Democrats, Catholic Center Part, and German Democrats, as well as the unstable republic with no clear leader.

National Socialism/Nazis

the German Workers' party Hitler assumed control over, he renamed it to distinguish more easily from the socialist parties while gaining support, he turned the party into a political movement with its own militia.

Adolf Hitler

dictator of Germany from 1933-1945, leader of the Nazi party, responsible for WW2 and the Holocaust

Great Depression (globally)

huge unemployment rates, led to social discontent, fear, and a rise in extremist parties, began in germany under the Weimar Republic, creating an environment with extremists where Hitler could rise to power.

Beer Hall Putsch

a coup planned by Hitler and the Nazis to overthrow the Weimar Republic, the plan failed and led to Hitler's arrest

Mein Kampf

Hitler's autobiography in which he talked about his time in Vienna, the beginning of his ideologies of racism and anti-semitism

SA/Brownshirts

Hitler's secret police

Schutzstaffel (SS)

protection squads, started as Hitler's bodyguard, eventually took control over all secret police forces. Functioned on terror and ideology.

Reichstag Fire Decree

laid the foundation for totalitarian rule, was implemented after Parliment was burned down, Hitler blamed the communists and put the decree in effect with the intention of arresting anyone opposing his power.

Enabling Act

Law passed after the decree allowing Hitler to make decisions completley on his own, not having to go through parliment, gave him dictatorial powers.

Blitzkrieg

lightning war

Nuremberg Laws

separated Jews from Germans poltically, socially, and legally, extension of Hitler's stress and antisemitism

Kristallnact

night of shattered glass. A secretary in the German embassy in Paris was assasinated by a young Polish Jew, leading to an uprise in Nazi activitiy, a destructive rampage, leasing to further drastic steps

United Nations

created in 1945, main goal to prevent future wars

Replaced unproductive leauge of ations, used in global cooperations

Universal declaration of human rights

Created space for peaceful negation

Kept war cold → brought powers together

World Bank

created in 1945 after WW2, goal was to lend money to countries to help them rebuild after the war

Conflict: allighned with political goals of the west, lots of western influence which led to pushback, but crutial in stabilization

IMF

created in 1945, goal was to support economic policies to promote econ growth for member countries

Both good and bad, tool of western influence used to leverage power, but new form of stability and cooperation

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military Alliance between 32 countries in north america and Europe, goal was collective defense and security

Warsaw Pact

military alliance in 1955 made in response to NATO by Soviet Union and communist countries

Iron Curtain

metaphor by Churchill in 1946, described political and ideological division after war, seperated communist and democratic, characterized influence and control

Containment Policy

US cold war strategy, goal was to prevent expansion of communism, it was the US's idea of stopping the spread, US provided aid to countries that were threatened by communism through the Truman Doctrine

Truman Doctrine

support for democratic countries that were facing threats, sent $400M to Turkey and Greece, spread ideology that US = freedom, and communists = tyrannical

Marshall Plan

US though USSR would move to take over Europe, spent $13 million and sent aid to west Germany to rebuild, USSR saw this as a bribe

Berlin Airlift

response to Berlin blockade in 1948 (cut off roads to West Germany) US sent 11 month long airlift supplies, Stalin lifted blockade + built Berlin Wall.

Arms Race

competition between US and USSR to build stockpiles of nuclear weapons, threat of mutual destruction, fueled tensions and cuban missile crisis, de-escalated with arms control treaties

Domino theory

one country falling under communist influence means surrounding countries follow

Proxy war

wars between smaller countries representing the interests of large powers

Vietnam war - North Vietnam (USSR) vs South Vietnam (US), US withdrew

Invasion of Afghanistan - Soviet Union invaded with intention to create communist government, USSR withdrew, resources drained

Cuban Missile Crisis

US + USSR close to nuke war, USSR sent weapons to Cuba, helping to build offensive weapons, US didnt like that, USSR removed missiles if US promised not to invade Cuba and removed missiles from Turkey

Prague Spring

Czk experimented with more liberal commmunism, USSR declared their right to interfere in domestic affairs of communist countries led by Alexander Dubcek, crushed by Warsaw pact countries invading to suppress

Gorbachev

reforms maintained USSR planned econ

Glasnost (openness): increase transparency in government, encourage freedom of expression, allow open discussion

Perestroika (restructure): modernize the economy, decentralize power, local decisions

Solidarity Movement

movement in Poland 1980, started through trade union advocated for workers rights, ebcame broader opposition to communist government, solidarity challenged Soviet control in Europe, transition to democracy in Poland

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

factors like econ stagnating and overextending military, US containment policy

Gorbachev decided to allow elections with multi party system

Reestablished communism and started democratization

Econ weakness and growth, reform exposed issues

Increase in independence movements led to Soviet Union dissolving

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

proxy war, Soviet Union invaded with intention to create communist government, USSR withdrew, resources drained

Mahatma Gandhi

Studied to become lawyer, went to South Africa for work, learned about racial exploitation and returned to India to help Independence movement

Used this to begin Non-violent resistance, leading a new search for national identity and modern literary expression

Satyagraha

social change proposed by Gandhi, overall principal: attack no one, kill no one, don't let them take your self respect (WITHDRAW OBEDIENCE IN A NONVIOLENT WAY)

Do with it, fight against anger by not fighting back

Provoke a response, but not anger

Best way to stand up is not by fighting, but also not obeying

Led to a national strike, all Indians went on strike, led to an economic collapse

Gandhi provoking a response but not a fight

Gathered people with different views to build a coalition

Appeals to everyone's moral reasoning to unit under one solution to a problem

Forced authority to choose between unjust law, and an ungovernable society

Had to stake their aims, became publicized → Gandhi burned passes and let the police beat him for it (appealing to moral reasoning

Mao Zedong

founder of People's Republic of China, leader of the CCP, implemented radical socialist policies, wanter to reshape society

Great Leap forward

Mao's econ campaign to rapidly industrialize and collectivize agriculture agriculture, led to huge famine

Cultural Revolution

Mao's political movement to eliminate counter revolutionaries and reinforce communism, targeted itellectuals, cultural heritage, led to violence and upheval, consolidated power as intended but at a huge cost

Chinese Communist Party

founded in 1921, led movement against foreign imperialism and domestic inequity, gained support (Mao) and defeated nationalists

Chiang Kai-Shek

leader of the KMT, led Republic of China but couldnt stop CCP, retreated to Taiwan with followers in 1949, wanted to modernize

Kuomintang (KMT)

ruling party agter the fall of Qing, wanted modernization and nationalism, struggled with corruption, warlords, and invasion → defeated by CCP

appeasement

The foreign policy of pacifying (making happy) an aggrieved (unhappy) country through negotiation in order to prevent war.

authoritarianism

is characterized by a strong central government that allows people a limited degree of political freedom. However, the political process, as well as all individual freedom, is controlled by the government without any constitutional accountability.

balance of power

when nations of the world have roughly equal power, usually with the effect of mitigating conflict.

bourgeoisie

The middle class (= the social group between the rich and the poor)

capitalism

An economic system in which private individuals ("capitalists") own businesses. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

colonization

​​the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

conscription

the military draft; being made to fight in the war as a soldier