Injury Evaluation Review Adv Kinesiology

Pathology

The study/description of a disease, injury, or abnormal condition and the changes it causes in the body

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease or injury

Mechanism

The way an injury occurred or the forces that caused it

Syndrome

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular condition

Sign

An objective indication of an injury/condition that can be observed or measured by someone else

Symptom

A subjective experience reported by the patient, such as pain or nausea

Diagnosis

Identification of the injury or condition based on evaluation findings

Prognosis

The expected outcome or course of an injury or condition

H (From HOPS)

History: gather information about the injury, symptoms, pain, and what happened

O (From HOPS)

Observation: Visually examine the athlete for things such as swelling, discoloration, deformity, posture, and movement abnormalities.

P (From HOPS)

Palpation: Use your hands to feel the injured area for tenderness, swelling, temperature changes, deformity, or other abnormalities

S (From HOPS)

Special Tests: Perform specific tests designed to help identify or rule out particular injuries or conditions

Most important part of the evaluation?

History—obtaining a good history is essential to understanding what happened and guiding the rest of the evaluation.

What are the do’s of history questions?

Ask open-ended questions, let the athlete explain what happened, listen carefully, and clarify information when necessary

What are the don’ts of history questions?

Avoid leading questions, interrupting, assuming the answer, or putting words in the athlete’s mouth

Acute

An injury or condition that develops suddenly or has a relatively short duration

Chronic

An injury or condition that develops or persists over a long period of time

What should you describe about pain?

Its location, quality, intensity, onset, duration, and factors that make it better or worse

Nerve-related pain

May be described as burning, shooting, tingling, numbness, or electric-like

Bone-related pain

Often described as deep, localized, and aching

Vascular-related pain

May be associated with cramping, aching, heaviness, or throbbing and can be related to circulation

Muscle-related pain

Often described as aching, soreness, cramping, or tightness

O (From OPQRST)

Onset: When and how did the problem begin? Was it sudden or gradual?

P (From OPQRST)

Provocation/Palliation: What makes it worse or better?

Q (From OPQRST)

Quality: what does the pain feel like? Sharp, dull, burning, aching, etc.

R (From OPQRST)

Region/Radiation: where is the pain? does it spread or travel somewhere else?

S (From OPQRST)

Severity: how bad is the pain? Usually rated on a numerical scale such as 0-10

T (From OPQRST)

Timing: when does it occur and how long does it last? Is it constant or intermittent?

What do you look for during observation?

Look for swelling, discoloration, deformity, asymmetry, posture, abnormalities, guarding, and abnormal movement

What is anatomical range of motion (ROM)?

The amount of movement available at a joint in a particular direction

AROM

Active ROM: movement performed by the athlete/patient using their own muscles

PROM

Passive ROM: movement performed by an examiner or outside force while the athlete relaxes

RROM

Resisted ROM: the athlete attempts to move while the examiner provides resistance

Why compare AROM and PROM?

Differences can provide information about what structures may be involved in an injury