Thou Shall Not Forget

What type of change separates a compound into Elements?

Chemical changes; Decomposition

What type of change separates a mixture into its components?

Physical

Filtering separates mixtures based on differences in what property>

Size and Phase

Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in what property?

Boiling Points

Chromatography separates mixtures based on differences what property?

Polarity

In paper chromatography, if water is used as the “mobile phase,” what kind of substance will move the farthest? Something polar or nonpolar?

Polar

In paper chromatography, if a non polar substance is used as the “mobile phase,” which component of a mixture will move up the farthest?

Nonpolar

What type of change conserves mass: chemical, physical, both or neither?

both

Which piece of glassware is the most precise: Beaker, Burette, or graduated cylinder?

Burette

Which piece of glassware is the least precise: burette, beaker, graduate cylinder?

Beaker

Which peace of glassware only has one line on it to so it can only be used to measure one specific volume?

Beaker.

What is the equation for calculating the density of a substance?

mass/volume

The % composition by mass of which substance does not change: het. mixture, ho. mixture, or compound?

Compound.

When an electron is in a higher energy level is it closer or farther away from the nucleus?

Farther.

When an electron is in a lower energy level does it have more or less Coulombic attraction to the nucleus?

more

When an electron is in a higher energy level, is it easier to remove or harder to remove?

Easier

When an electron is in a higher energy level, does it have a higher or lower 1st ionization energy?

Lower.

Why is a calcium atom larger than magnesium?

Because it has more electrons, and a bigger radius.

Moving across a row left to right on the periodic table, does Zeff (effective nuclear energy) increase, decrease or stay the same?

Increase

Moving across a row left to right on the periodic table, are the valence electrons more or less attracted to the nucleus?

more

Moving across a row left to right on the periodic table, does the atomic radius increase or decrease?

Decrease

Moving across a row left to right on the periodic table, does the ionization energy increase or decrease?

Increase

Why atoms get smaller moving across a row left to right?

They get smaller because the number of protons increases while the number of electrons stays constant.

When reading a PES graph what does the height of a peak represent?

The number of electrons in a sublevel.

When reading a PES graph, a larger binding energy means that the electrons are closer or farther from the nucleus?

Closer.

Which orbital comes after 4s?

3d

Which orbital comes after 3d?

4p

Which orbital comes after 5s?

4d

Which electrons are removed first when making a cation?

The highest energy level, which are usually the S and the P orbitals.

Arrange these electrons in the order I which they are removed when forming a cation?

p, s. f, d

Isotopes

An element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

What do mass spectroscopy graphs measure?

The atomic mass of each isotope of an element

What instrument measures the atomic masses of the isotopes of an element?

Mass Spectrometer.

Elements in the same group (vertical columns) have similar:

Valence electron shells.

Elements in the same column have:

Similar chemical and physical properties

Hydrogen is:

A nonmetal

Gallium is:

A metal

Uranium is:

A metal

Are cations or anions smaller than their atoms?

Cations are smaller; anions are larger.

Why are anions larger than their atoms?

Because they gain electrons.

What type of bond forms between hydrogen and chlorine?

Polar Covalent

Ionic bonds are formed from what types of elements?

Metal and Nonmetal

When forming an ionic bond which element gains or loses electrons?

Metal— loses; Nonmetal— gains

As the electronegativity difference between two atoms increases, what happens to the polarity of the bond?

It increases.

Combustion reactions produce what two substances?

H2O, and CO2.

Name the seven diatomic elements

H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, I2, Br2

The simplest whole # ratio of the atoms in a compound is called the

Empirical Formula

Complete rhyme to calculate the empirical formula for a substance:

% to mass, mass to mole, divide by small, multiply till whole.

Give a possible molecular formula for the following compound: AB3

A2B6

What is the formula for calculating % yield?

Actual/theoretical

What is the formula for calculating the % error?

Experimental- theoretical/ theoriterical

What is the limiting reactant?

The reactant that determines the amount of product in stoichiometry.

Why are all gas mixtures homogenous?

because molecules are in constant rapid, random, motion, and have no attraction, which allows different gases to diffuse and mix evenly, forming a stable solution.

Why are gases compressible?

Molecules are far apart with plenty of empty space between.

What causes gas pressure?

Collisions between particles and the container.

Pressure and Volume are:

Inversely related

Temperature and Volume are:

Directly related

Temperature and Pressure are:

Directly related

In the formula PV=nRT, what are the units for P, V, n, and T

P— Atm; V— L; n— moles; T—K

One mole of an ideal gas

equals 22.4 L at STP

Gas pressure and number of moles are:

Directly related

Molar mass equals:

drt/p

The “d” in drt/p has what metric units?

grams/Liters

The more molar mass a gas has, the faster or slower it moves?

Slower.

Average kinetic energy is another term for

temperature

What 2 pressures add together when calculating the total pressure of a gas collected by water displacement?

water vapor, and dry gas

Real gases behave most like an ideal gas at what conditions of temperature and pressure?

High temperature, and Low pressures.

What gases deviate from ideal behavior the most when:

Molecules are large and polar

What gases deviate from ideal behavior the least when:

Molecules are small and nonpolar.

Exothermic Reactions are:

negative, feel hot, heat is a product, and temperature goes down.

Endothermic Reactions are:

positive, feel cold, heat is a reactant, temperature goes up.

Breaking bonds is:

Endothermic

Forming bonds is:

Exothermic

What is the total # of covalent bonds carbon has to make when drawing a Lewis Structure?

Four covalent bonds

What is the bond angle of BF3?

120 degrees.

What is the bond angle of H2O?

104 degrees.

What is the bond angle in NH3?

107 degrees.

What is the bond angle in CO2?

180 degrees.

Asymmetrical molecules are:

polar

Symmetrical molecules are:

nonpolar

How many sigma and pi bonds are there in a triple bond?

1 sigma bond, and 2 pi bonds

What term do we use for the energy to break the ionic bond in a compound?

Lattice energy

What 2 properties affect the lattice energy?

magnitude of ionic charges and ionic radius.

Which ionic compound would have the most lattice energy?

Large ion charges and small ionic radii.

How is formal charge calculated?

(Number of Valence e-) - (number of dots + number of lines)

When drawing a Lewis Structure, after connecting the atoms with single bonds, if you notice that you have too few remaining electrons to give every atom an octet, that’s an indication that you are going to have to do what?

Assign double and triple bonds.

List the 4 IMF’s from weakest to strongest

LDF, dipole to dipole, hydrogen bond, ion dipole.

"More polarizable” refers to which IMF?

Dipole-Dipole

List the IMFs in BF3

LDF

List the IMFs in H2O