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14th Amendment
granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S.
15th Amendment
granted african american men the right to vote
17th Amendment
senators would be chosen by the california legislature
19th Amendment
granted women the right to vote
24th Amendment
eliminated poll taxes
26th Amendment
lowered the voting age to 18
Rational Choice Voting
voted based on that they think to be in their best interest
Retrospective Voting
vote based on how they performed in the past
Prospective Voting
vote based on what they predict the candidate will perform like in office
Straight-Ticket Voting
vote based on which party the candidate is in
Structural Barriers to Voting
refers to the way our voting system is structured that makes it difficult for particular groups to vote
Political Efficacy
your belief that participation in the political process can actually impact anything
Voter Turnout
low in the U.S. due to us having too many elections
Linkage Institution
is any institution that connects voters with the political process; there are 4 linkage institutions
Political Parties
parties educate voters, mobilize voters to vote, recruit candidates for office, manage campaigns, fundraise, disseminate information about candidates, and help manage the committee and party leadership structure in congress
Media
keeps us informed about politics, also letting politicians know what we think
Interest Groups
serves as one of the primary ways that citizens organize and pressure legislators
Elections
connects us with the political process; also serves to let politicians know what we think
Candidate-Centered Campaigns
where individual candidates have become more important than party affiliations
Critical Elections
where groups have changed how they tend to vote
Winner-Take-All
if one group or person has the most votes, then they win