Nano Unit Test HIBE

nanoscale

The scale used to classify objects 1-100 nm in size.

nano=10^-9 / 1 billionth

Nanotechnology

- The field of science that measures and explains changes of properties of substances as a function of size

- In nanoscale, any physical property measured will continuously change in size (ex: smaller particle = lower melting temperature)

kilo-

numerical value: 1000

exponent: 10^3

meter/liter/gram

numerical value: 1

exponent: 10^0

Deci-

numerical value: 0.1

exponent: 10^-1

Centi-

numerical value: 0.01

exponent: 10^-2

Milli-

numerical value: 0.001

exponent: 10^-3

Micro-

numerical value: 0.000001

exponent: 10^-6

Nano-

numerical value: 0.000000001

exponent: 10^-9

Angstrom

numerical value: 0.0000000001

exponent: 10^-10

Pico-

numerical value: 0.000000000001

exponent: 10^-12

The metric system is based on factors of _____________

10

Prefixes are added to the unit name create __________ or ___________ units by factors that are powers of ten

smaller/larger

Who coined the term "nanotechnology"?

Eric Drexter

Astronomical scale

10^11; requires telescope

Macro scale

10^-3; can be seen with naked eye

micro scale

10^-4 to 10^-6; requires optical microscope

atomic scale

subatomic scale

smaller than 10^-15

Nanotechnology

- The application of property modifications that happened at the nanoscale to some beneficial endeavor

- the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm)

Nanotechnology in Treatments

- Accurins release tumor-killing drugs to specifically infected cells and can bypass healthy cells, decreases side effects created by current cancer treatments that affect the whole body

- Nanotech can target immune cells to help treat allergies or autoimmune diseases

color at the nanoscale

- at the nanoscale color changes

ex. gold turns red

smell at the nanoscale

- odor typically decreases at the nanoscale

boiling/melting point at nanoscale

- both of these temperatures decrease at the nanoscale

surface to volume ratio at the nanoscale

- nanoparticles have a LARGER surface to volume ratio compared to larger molecules

gravity at nanoscale

- due to SMALL mass of nanoscale objects, the force of gravity has very LITTLE effect on the attraction between objects of this size

intermolecular

forces between molecules

intermolecular forces examples

London dispersion forces

dipole-dipole forces

hydrogen bonds

van der Waals forces

intramolecular forces

forces within molecules

intramolecular forces examples

covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds

which is stronger, intermolecular or intramolecular forces?

intramolecular

What is surface tension?

the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules

examples of surface tension

-A water strider runs across a pond without breaking the surface.

-A sewing needle floats when it is placed gently on top of water in a bucket.

- Droplets

-Round bubbles

hydrophilic surface

surface that absorbs water

low contact angle(

good adhesiveness

good wettability

hydrophobic surface

surface that "fears" water- the water rolls off

high contact angle(>90)

poor adhesiveness

poor wettability

superhydrophobic surface

hydrophobic surface with contact angle above 150 degrees

van der Waals forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

electrostatic force

Attractions or repulsions of electric charges but NOT dependent upon their motion

magnetic forces

Attractions or repulsions of electric charges DEPENDENT upon their motion

dipole-dipole forces

attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

- STRONGEST intermolecular force of attraction

hydrogen bonding

- special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.

London dispersion forces

- type of Van der Waal force

- the weakest of the intermolecular forces

-exist between all types of molecules

- a temporary dipole forms in a non-polar molecule, creating an induced dipole in an adjacent molecule.

How do geckos defy gravity?

- use tiny hair like structure at the bottom of their feet called setae

- Van der Waals force attraction

scanning electron microscope

a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light

atomic force microscope

A device for mapping surface atomic structure by measuring the force acting on the tip of a sharply pointed wire or other object that is moved over the surface.