HBS Final Exam - Semester 2

Central Nervous System

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

consists of all of the nerves outside of the CNS

area of the brain responsible for higher-level thinking and contains the four lobes

cerebrum

The four lobes are:

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Temporal Lobe

the area of the brain underneath the cerebrum that helps with muscle control and balance

Cerebellum

consists of the medulla oblongata, pons (sleep and wake cycle), and midbrain. It helps with breathing, blood pressure regulation, sleeping, and walking.

brainstem

Behavior and personality, planning, voluntary muscle movements, mood, emotions, social interactions, and attention

Frontal Lobe

Processing smell and sound, language understanding (Wernicke's Area)

Temporal Lobe

Sensing touch, temperature, pressure, and pain, spatial processing, language, and memory

Parietal Lobe

Visual Perception

Occipital Lobe

Muscular coordination and balance (Contain the arbor vitae)

Cerebellum

Breathing, blood pressure, sleeping and waking

Brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain)

Center for pain perception. Processes all senses except smell; relays sensory information to the cerebrum.

Thalamus

Band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum (separated by the longitudinal fissure).

Corpus Callosum

Coordinates autonomic nervous system, pituitary gland, body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, and emotion. (Maintain homeostasis!!!)

Hypothalamus

Long Term memory and produce neuron

Hippocampus

refer to the ridges on the brain

Gyri

refers to the valleys within the ridges of the brain

Sulci

Largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level thinking, language, etc.

cerebrum

Responsible for coordination and balance. (houses the arbor vitae)

Cerebellum:

Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord; controls vital functions. Includes:

Brainstem

Processes all senses except smell; relays sensory information to the cerebrum.

Thalamus

Links nervous and endocrine systems; controls pituitary; regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycles.

Hypothalamus

Band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum (separated by the longitudinal fissure).

Corpus Callosum

(Responsible for planning, decision-making, personality, etc.)

Frontal Lobe

(Responsible for hearing, memory, language - specifically mentioned as responsible for language).

Temporal Lobe

Responsible for vision.

Occipital Lobe

(Responsible for processing sensory information like touch, temperature, pain).

Area in the parietal lobe that receives and processes sensory information.

Connects the brain to the rest of the body.

Spinal Cord

Membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Meninges

Protects the brain.

Skull

Nerves originating from the brain (Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trigeminal, Vagus were mentioned).

Cranial Nerve

Olfactory:

smell

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

(eye movement like blinking)

Trochlear

( eye movement, up down, back forth)

Trigeminal

(facial sensation - like water got on face) (jaw movement)

Abducens

(prevent cross eyes)

Facial

facial expression

Vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal

(taste swallow)

Vagus

heart rate and digestion

Accessory

Neck and shoulder movement

Hypoglossal

tongue movements

Which structure contains what is best described as the white structure, dense with nerve fibers, that connects the two hemispheres allowing them to communicate ?

corpus callosum

Which part of the brain is where emotions are processed?

amygdala and frontal lobes

What structure contains the arbor vitae

cerebellum

Which region of the brain is responsible for your sleep and wake cycle?

Hypothalamus

Which structure contains the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater?

meninges

What links the central nervous system and the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

What is the name of the gap that separates the left and right sides of the brain

Longitudinal fissure

Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in affecting the heart rate?

Vagus

cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons

glial cells

A _____________ binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.

Agonist

An ________________ binds to a receptor and blocks the activation of the receptor.

Antagonist

An ________________ binds to a receptor and has the opposite effect to that of an agonist.

inverse agonist

A ___________________ blocks the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse.

reuptake inhibitor

an involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus that does not require conscious thought. It usually involves a direct pathway through the spinal cord or brainstem (e.g., knee-jerk reflex).

reflex

a voluntary response that involves conscious processing in the brain. It typically takes more time because the brain must interpret the stimulus before responding (e.g., catching a ball when someone throws it).

reaction

Create myelin, which insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulses.

schwann cells

Involves the movement of ions across the neuron membrane.

At rest: Inside of the cell is negatively charged; potassium ions are mostly inside, sodium ions are mostly outside.

Stimulus applied: Leads to depolarization.

Depolarization: Sodium ions move into the cell (e.g., at the nodes of Ranvier).

Repolarization: Potassium ions move out of the cell (initiated by the opening

of potassium channels).

Sodium-Potassium Pump: Active process that helps maintain the resting membrane potential by pumping sodium out and potassium in.

Action potential

The junction between two neurons.

Synapse

Contains neurotransmitters

Synaptic vesicle

The membrane of the neuron receiving the signal.

Postsynaptic membrane

Transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS.

Sensory division

Transmits impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.

Motor division

: Controls voluntary movements.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls involuntary functions (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions).

Autonomic Nervous System:

The cell of a body collects information from what structure?

dendrites

When a neuron is at rest:

- Potassium ions are found mostly on the inside of the cell

- Sodium ions are found mostly on the outside of the cell

- The inside of the cell is negatively charged

When an impulse moves down the axon:

A small part of the axon momentarily reverses its polarity

If neurotransmitters could not be cleared out of a synapse after transmitting a message

The second neuron would continue to be stimulated for an indefinite period of time

At what threshold is the action potential triggered?

-55mV

What is the resting potential of a neuron

-70mV

What is the role of potassium voltage-gated channels during the action potential?

They open after sodium channels and help repolarize the cell

When do ions flow into the cell during an action potential?

Nodes of Ranvier

Which process helps maintain the resting membrane potential after potassium channels close?

Sodium-potassium pump activity

What role do schwann cells play in the action potential?

They create myelin

What initiates the flow of potassium ions out of the cell?

The opening of potassium channels

What is hyperpolarization in relation to the resting membrane potential?

The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

When the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active is said to be

Resting membrane potential

What is depolarization in the context of neuron signaling?

The gain of positive charge in a cell

When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitters

Are released into the synaptic cleft

What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

neuron

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

To transmit nerve impulses across synapses

When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of

neurotransmitters

Extensions at one end of a neuron's body that receive input are called

dendrites

The sodium-potassium pump

restores resting potential

What statement about the resting potential of a neuron is true?

There are many times more sodium ions outside the neuron's membrane than inside

Electrical changes in a neuron create

an action potential

When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitters are

released into the synaptic cleft

Reproduction, thyroid regulation, growth, emotions, water levels, stress

hypothalamus

Growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress, lactation, water balance, childbirth

pituitary gland

Regulates sleep/wake cycles (melatonin)

pineal gland

Growth and development and metabolism

thyroid gland

Makes white blood cells until puberty, controls pituitary gland

thymus

Stress, metabolism, blood pressure, immune system

Adrenal gland

Blood sugar, appetite, stomach acid, when to empty your stomach

pancreas

Estrogen and progesterone

ovaries

Testosterone

testes

The Endocrine System is a group of ______________ that release _______________ , which are chemical signals that travel through the __________________ and bind to _________________

glands, hormones, bloodstream, target cells,