A&P1 Chapter 3 Study Guide

Cells

Are structural units of all living things

Plasma membrane

Flexible outer boundary

Cytoplasm

Intracellular fluid containing organelles

Nucleus

DNA containing control center

Extracellular (ECF)

Fluids outside the cell

Interstitial fluid

Cells are submersed (bathed) in this fluid

Blood plasma

Fluid of the blood

Cerebrospinal

Fluid surrounding nervous system organs

Extracellular matrix

Substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

Plasma membrane

Acts as an active barrier separating intracellular (ICF) from extracellular (ECF)

Membrane protein

Allow cell communication

Integral proteins

Inserted into membrane

Peripheral proteins

Loosely attached to integral proteins or anchored to the membrane

(a) transport

Allow cells to control which substance enter and exit the cell

(b) receptors for signal transduction receptors

Allow a cell to receive information from other cells

(c) enzymic activity

The membrane allows cells to transform one substance into another

(d) cell-cell recognition

Some proteins in the membrane of adjacent cells allow them to recognize eachother through direct physical contact

(e) cell-to-cell joining

Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of long-lasting intercellular junctions

(f) attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Some membrane proteins anchor elements of the cytoskeleton and the other extracellular matrix

Tight junctions

Waterproof boundary (prevents water from moving in between cells)

Desmosomes

(anchoring junctions) neighboring cells interlock like a teeth of a zipper

Anchored through plaques

Gap junctions

Transmembrane proteins (connexons) form tunnels that allow molecules to pass from cell to cell

Passive transport

No energy needed

Active transport

Energy (ATP) required

Glycocalyx

Consist of sugars (carbs) sticking out of cell surface

Glycolipids

Some glycocalyx are attached to lipids

Glycoproteins

Some glycocalyx are attached to proteins

Simple diffusion

Diffuse directly through lipid bilayer

Facilitated diffusion

Large molecules require assistance crossing plasma membrane with carrier or channel proteins

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

Transport specific polar molecules that are to large

Channel mediated facilitated diffusion

Transport molecules down concentration gradient

Leakage channels

Always open, molecules drift through

Gated channel

Controlled by chemical or electrical signals (only opened when triggered)

Osmosis

Movement of water through selectively permeable membrane

Osmolarity

Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

Tonicity

Ability of a solution to change shape, or plasma membrane tension of cells by altering the cells internal water

Isotonic solution

Same, balanced - happy cell

Hypertonic solution

Higher (more) , water exits - shriveled cell

Hypotonic solution

Lower (less) , water exits - swollen cell

Equilibrium

Same concentration of solutes and water molecules on both sides

Proteins cannot

They cannot diffuse through cell membrane

Vesicular transport

Moves larger molecules or larger amounts across cellular membrane inside sacs called vesicles(ATP required)

Active transport primary

Energy to do work comes from hydrosis of ATP by transport proteins called pumps

Active transport secondary

Energy stored on concentration gradients on ions created by primary active transport pumps

Sodium-potassium pumps

Exchanges 3 extracellular sodium ions and 2 extracellular potassium ions (3 in 2 out)

K+

Na+

Ca+

Sodium always goes out

Symporters

Transport two different substance to same place

Antiporters

Transport one cell while transporting another out the cell

Vesicle

The inside of a phospholipid bilayer

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

The fluid inside the vesicle of the phospholipid bilayer

Transcytosis

Moves substance in, across, then back out

Vesicular trafficking

Move substance from one area in the cell to another

Endocytosis

Transport into cell

Phagocytosis

“cell eating” (takes in large particles like bacteria or dead cells by wrapping them in a vesicle

Pinocytosis

“cell drinking” (takes in fluid and dissolved substances from ECF

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Lets the cell take in specific molecules from ECF using receptors like a cell only opening door for invited guest

Exocytosis

Transport out of cell

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

In their resting point

Contact signaling

Cells that touch recognize each other by each cell unique surface membrane receptors

Chemical signaling

Interaction between receptors and ligands (chemical messenger) cause changes in cellular activities (cells talk to each other throwing chemicals at each other. the chemical is the matter its the receptor, without the receptors they cant catch the chemicals)

Na+/K+ keep balance

K+ sets the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ also influences

Cytoplasm

Cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Cytosol

(cytoplasm) gel like solution of water and soluble molecules

Inclusion

(cytoplasm) insoluble molecules (nonliving materials stored in cytoplasm, they are stored substances)

Organellles

(cytoplasm) metabolic machinery structures of cell (tiny structures floating in the cytosol that performs specific jobs)

Membrane organelles

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisomes

Lysosomes

Nonmembrane organelles

Ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

Centrioles

Mitochondria

“power plans” of cell, produce most of cells energy molecules (contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes)

Ribosomes (cells protein factories)

Nonmembranes that are the site of protein synthesis

Free ribosomes

Free floating in cytosol

Membrane bound ribosomes

Attached to rough membrane of endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Series parallel, interconnected cisterns - flattened tubes that enclose fluid filled interiors

Rought ER

(protein workshop) (ribosomes build proteins, ER folds, refines, and ships them out)

Smooth ER

(cells lipid factory) network of looped tubules continuous with rough ER

Golgi apparatus

Everything goes here. manages all vesicles (consist of stacked flattened cisterns)

Lysosomes

(clean up crew) filled with digestive enzymes

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances neutralize toxins

Free radicals

Toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by products of cellular metabolism, can have cell to cell if not detoxified

Cytoskeleton

Elaborate network of rods that run through cytosol

Act as cells “bones, ligaments, and muscle” by playing a role in movement of cell components

Microfilaments

(thinnest) semi flexible strands of protein actin

Intermediate filaments

Tough, insoluble, rope like fibers

Help cell resist pulling forces

Microtubules

Largest one, hollow

Determines overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles

Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center

Centrioles

Generates microtubules and organize mitotic spindle for cell division

Also form the bases of cilia and flagella

Cilia

Whiplike, mobile cellular extensions on surface of certain cells

Flagella

Longer extensions that propel the whole cell (only human cell type with this is sperm)

Basal bodies

Centrioles forming the bases of cilia and flagella

Microvilli

Finger like projections that extended from the surface of the cell to increase surface area

Nucleus

(control center of cell) largest organelle and contains genetic library of blueprints for synthesis of nearly all cellular proteins

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

2 layers

Nuclear pores

Go through the two layers of nuclear envelope. they allow substances to pass into and out of the nucleus

Nucleoli

(singular nucleolus) dark staining spherical bodies within nucleus

Where rRNA is formed (where were making ribosomes)

More than other cells making a lot of proteins

Chromatin

Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes which is DNA wrapped around histones'

30% DNA

60% gobular histone protein

10% RNA chains newly formed or forming

Cell cycle

Series of changes cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it produces

Interphase

(between mitosis events) cell grows and carries on its unusual activities

Mitotic phase

Cell divides into two cells (working on the body)

G1 (gap 1)

Vigorous growth and metabolism, the cell is preparing to copy its DNA

G0 phase

Cells that cease dividing are in this phase. some cells never stop dividing, some cells cant ever do mitosis again. other cells most of the time just dont divide for reasons

S (synthesis)

DNA replication occurs

G2 phase (gap 2)

Preparation for division (cytokinesis)