Dendrology final
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185 Terms
Magnolia virginiana
•
Magnoliaceae
•
Usually found in moist areas
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen leaves
•
Leaves whitish underneath
Magnolia grandiflora
•
MS state tree
•
Key Characters:
•
Large evergreen leaves
•
Usually pubescent underneath
•
“Magnolia” scent
•
Large tree
Magnolia x soulangiana
•
Hybrid of two Chinese magnolias
•
Key Characters:
•
Purple flowers
•
Pubescent buds
Magnolia pyramidata
•
Mesic forests, ravines
•
Similar to M. fraseri
•
Key Characters:
•
Deciduous
•
Smooth bark
•
Rhombus-shaped leaves (pandurate)
•
Auriculate leaf bases
•
Glabrous terminal buds
Magnolia tripetala
•
Mesic forests, ravines
•
Key Characters:
•
Deciduous
•
Smooth bark
•
Large leaves
•
Acute leaf bases
•
Glauous terminal buds
•
Leaves appear whorled (pseudo-whorled)
Magnolia denudata
•
Native to China
•
Cultivated in Buddhist gardens for >1,400 years
•
Key Characters:
•
Deciduous
•
Smooth bark
•
Rounded leaf bases
•
Acuminate leaf tips
Liriodendron tulipifera
•
Magnoliaceae
•
ommon throughout eastern U.S.; everywhere in MS except Delta
•
Key Characters:
•
Distinctive leaves (truncate tips)
•
Yellow flowers
•
Smooth, gray bark
•
Circular stipule scars
•
Samaras
Smilax pumila
•
Smilacaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Vine (doesn’t climb)
•
No thorns
•
Tomentose leaf undersides
Smilax laurifolia
wet habitats
•
Key Characters:
•
Vine
•
Thick, evergreen leaves
•
Oblong leaves
•
Prominent midvein
•
Nasty, evil thorns
Morella cerifera
•
Myricaceae
•
Berries (drupes) important for wildlife
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen leaves
•
Bayberry scent
•
Tiny golden glands on leaf undersides
•
Small tree
Morella pumila
•
Myricaceae
•
Dry, open habitat
•
Key Characters:
•
Similar to Morella cerifera but smaller leaves
•
Dwarf shrub
Ilex vomitoria
•
Aquifoliaceae
•
Leaves have caffeine
•
Key Characters:
•
Crenate leaves
•
Red berries
•
Light gray bark
•
Small tree
Ilex opaca
•
Key Characters:
•
Leaves with few marginal spines
•
Red berries
•
Light gray bark
•
Medium tree
Ilex coriacea
•
Often near moist areas
•
Key Characters:
•
Few prickles on margins
•
Purple-maroon berries
•
Purple young twigs (but not always)
Ilex glabra
•
Clonal
•
Key Characters:
•
Yellowish-green, evergreen leaves
•
Black fruits
•
Crenate-serrate margins on distal end of leaves
Ilex decidua
•
Bottomlands
•
Key Characters:
•
Deciduous
•
Red berries in winter
•
Light gray bark
•
Medium tree
Vaccinium elliottii
•
Key Characters:
•
Green stems
•
White flowers, bloom in February
•
Purple berries
Vaccinium arboreum
•
Key Characters:
•
Persistent leaves
•
Sometimes with mucronate tips
•
Reddish-brown, shreddy bark
•
Campanulate flowers
•
Largest Vaccinium species in Coastal Plain
Vaccinium myrsinites
•
Open forest (often dry)
•
Key Characters:
•
Small
•
Similar to V. elliottii but leaves much smaller
•
Similar to V. darrowii but leaves shiny
•
Campanulate flowers
Oxydendrum arboreum
•
Ericaceae
•
Sour leaves due to oxalic acid
•
Bee forage (sourwood honey)
•
Key Characters:
•
Deep-furrowed bark with concave ridge surfaces and orange furrows
•
Racemes
•
Hairs on underside of midrib
Symplocos tinctoria
•
Symplocaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen
•
Yellowish petioles and midribs
•
Sweet taste
•
White flowers
Cartrema americana
•
Oleaceae
•
Similar to Symplocos tinctoria
•
Formally known as Osmanthus americanus
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen leaves
•
Opposite leaves
Tamala palustris
•
Lauraceae
•
Prefers, but not estricted to moist areas
•
Similar to Persea borbonia
•
Key Characters:
•
Rusty pubescence on twigs and midribs
•
Evergreen
•
Galls on leaves
•
Spicy scent
Fagus grandifolia
•
Fagaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate leaves
•
Two-ranked leaves
•
Long, pointed buds
•
Smooth, gray bark
•
Brown leaves persist over winter
Quercus laurifolia
•
Fagaceae
•
May be same species as Q. hemisphaerica
•
Bottomlands
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen leaves
•
Rhombus-shaped leaves
Prunus serotina
•
Rosaceae
•
Our largest and most common cherry
•
Valuable lumber
•
Cyanogenic glycosides
•
Key Characters:
•
“Cherry” bark
•
Serrate leaves
•
White flowers in racemes
•
Purplish black drupes
Aralia spinosa
•
Araliaceae
•
Common throughout SE U.S.
•
Found in mesic forests
•
Key Characters:
•
Heavily armed twigs
•
Large, bi-pinnately compound leaves
•
Black berries
Smilax smallii
Smilacaceae
Key Characters:
•
VIne
•
Dark evergreen leaves
•
No thorns
Lyonia lucida
•
Ericaceae
•
Coastal Plain
•
Restricted to moist areas
•
Key Characters:
•
Vein runs parallel to margin
•
Evergreen
•
Margins entire
•
Margins revolute on older leaves
Leucothöe axillaris
•
Ericaceae
•
Restricted to moist areas
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen
•
Slight leaf serrations on distal ends of leaves
•
Small
•
Campanulate flowers
Poison
Cyrilla racemiflora
•
Cyrillaceae
•
Restricted to moist areas
•
Similar to Cliftonia
•
Can form thickets
•
Titi honey; bee-pasture
•
Key Characters:
•
Racemes
•
Irregular architecture
•
Reddish-brown bark
Castanea pumila
•
Small tree/shrub
•
Key Characters:
•
Dentate leaves
•
Often sprouting
•
Spiny fruits
Quercus virginiana
•
Hurricane resistant
•
Dense wood
•
Key Characters:
•
Lateral growth habit
•
Evergreen
Rhus copallina
•
Key Characters:
•
Winged rachis
•
Glossy leaves
Liquidambar styraciflua
•
Altingiaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Star-shaped leaves
•
Ridged twigs
•
Aggregate fruit of spiny capsules
Nyssa sylvatica
•
Nyssaceae
•
Wide range of habitats
•
Nyssa = Greek water nymph
•
sylvatica = of the woods
•
Tupelo = tree of the swamp (Creek)
•
Key Characters:
•
Acuminate leaf tips on young leaves
•
Leaf scars with 3 bundle scars
•
Bright red fall foliage
Hamamelis virginiana
•
Hamamelidaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Undulate leaf margins
•
Yellow blooms in winter
Triadica sebifera
•
Euphorbiaceae
•
Native to Asia
•
Introduced in Charleston by Andre Michaux
•
Acutely toxic
•
Key Characters:
•
Bi-pinnately compound leaves
•
Purple flowers
•
Persistent fruits
Quercus myrsinifolia
•
Ornamental
•
Japanese: shirakashi, preferred wood for bokken
•
Native to Asia
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen
•
Serrate leaves (large serrations)
•
Usually stop toward base of leaf
•
Smooth bark
Quercus hemisphaerica
•
Dry upland soils, sand hills
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen
•
Glabrous leaf undersides
Quercus laevis
•
Restricted to dry, sandy areas
•
Key Characters:
•
Primarily three-lobed leaves
•
Acute leaf base
•
Pubescent underneath
Cunninghamia lanceolata
•
Cupressaceae
•
Native to China, Vietnam, Laos
•
Key Characters:
•
Sharp needles
•
Whorled branches
•
Pendulous branches
Thuja occidentalis
•
Cupressaceae
•
Native northern tier of states
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen
•
Flattened sprays of leaves
Podocarpus macrophyllus
•
Podocarpaceae
•
Native to Japan and China
•
Key Characters:
•
Opposite/sub-opposite leaves
•
Red, fleshy seeds
•
Stiff, narrow leaves
Ulmus alata
•
Ulmaceae
•
Leaves very similar to Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana, and Planera aquatica (other elms too)
•
Key Characters:
•
Winged twigs
•
Serrate leaves
Ulmus parvifolia
•
Native to Asia
•
Popular urban tree
•
Key Characters:
•
Small serrate leaves
•
Peeling bark
Citrus trifoliata
•
Rutaceae
•
SE Asia
•
Common rootstock
•
Key Characters:
•
Thorns!!
•
Trifoliate leaves
Key to Mississippi Palms
1 Climb to top of palm and jump off
Legs broken – Sabal palmetto
Legs not broken, 2
2 Grasp petiole tightly and rapidly pull upward
Hand lacerated – Serenoa repens
Hand intact, 3
3. Rapidly swing palms downward onto the base of trunk
Hand impaled – Raphidphyllum histrix
Hand intact – Sabal minor
Sabal palmetto
•
Arecaceae
•
State tree of South Carolina
•
Cold and salt resistant
•
Key Characters:
•
Tall
•
costapalmate
Serenoa repens
•
Arecaceae
•
Limited to dry, sandy sites
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate petioles
Sabal minor
•
Moist habitats
•
Key Characters:
•
Glaucous
•
Danger-free
Benthamidia florida
•
Key Characters:
•
White “flowers” (bracts)
•
Red football-shaped fruits
•
Opposite leaves
•
Arcuate venation
•
Blocky bark
Clinopodium coccineum
•
Dry habitats
•
Key Characters:
•
Opposite, evergreen leaves
•
Glaucous leaves
•
Red tubular flowers
Geobalanus oblongifolius
•
Chrysobalanaceae
•
Sandhills or dune habitat
•
Fruits eaten by gopher tortoises
•
Key Characters:
•
Small (< 1m tall)
•
Vertical leaf orientation
•
Clonal
•
Olive shaped fruits
Ceratiola ericoides
•
Ericaceae
•
Monotypic genus
•
Key Characters:
•
Needle-like leaves
•
Sandy habitat
•
‘six-ranked’ leaves
Tsuga canadensis
•
Pinaceae
•
Appalachians
•
Rocky gorges
•
Key Characters:
•
Two-ranked leaves
Cryptomeria japonica
•
Cupressaceae
•
Native to China and Japan
•
National tree of Japan
•
Key Characters:
•
Short, stout needles
•
Needles spirally arranged, five-ranked
•
Small, globose cones
•
Vertically-fissured bark
Quercus acutissima
•
Native to Asia
•
Popular tree for deer plantings
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate leaves
•
Large, spiny acorns
•
Vase architecture
•
Orangish fissures in bark
Quercus lyrata
•
Bottomlands
•
Important wildlife food
•
Key Characters:
•
Enclosed acorn
•
Lobe tips angular
Quercus marilandica
•
Dry soils
•
Key Characters:
•
Very thick, glossy leaves
•
Pandurate leaves
•
Leaf lobes bristle-tipped
•
Rusty tomentose underneath
Quercus nigra
•
Leaf shape highly variable
•
Bottomlands but can grow most places
•
Key Characters:
•
Semi-evergreen to deciduous
•
Acute leaf base
•
Spatulate leaves
•
Leaves with 3-lobes (usually)
Morella caroliniensis
•
Moist habitat
•
N-fixation
•
Key Characters:
•
Similar to Myrica cerifera but larger leaves
•
Few to no golden glands
Castanea mollissima
•
Native to Asia
•
Resistant to Chestnut Blight
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate leaves
•
Serrations have bristle tips
•
Vertical fissured bark
•
White, stinky flowers
•
Chestnuts!
Celtis laevigata
•
Cannabaceae
•
Bottomland forest / calcareous soils
•
Key Characters:
•
Warty bark
•
Acuminate leaves
•
Serrate margins
•
Purple fruits
Juniperus virginiana
•
Cupressaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Scales and needles
•
Acute scale tips
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
•
Cupressaceae
•
Native to China
•
Initially described from fossil material
•
Key Characters:
•
Very similar to Taxodium
•
Branches are ascending
Taxodium ascendens
•
Cupressaceae
•
Similar to T. distichum
•
Deciduous conifer
•
Wet habitats
•
Key Characters:
•
Appressed needles
Taxodium distichum
•
Cupressaceae
•
Restricted to moist areas
•
Wood is most decay-resistant in SE
•
Deciduous conifer
•
Key Characters:
•
2-ranked needles on deciduous branchlets
•
Cypress knees
•
Shreddy bark
Ligustrum japonica
•
Widely used as a landscape plant
•
Not native, but not particularly invasive
•
Usually only near old homesteads
•
Key Characters:
•
Opposite leaves
•
Two-ranked leaves
•
Purple berries (drupes)
•
Glossy leaves
Crataegus marshallii
•
Rosaceae
•
Mesic forest
•
Key Characters:
•
Parsley-like leaves
•
Mottled bark
•
Thorns
Magnolia acuminata
•
Mesic forest
•
Key Characters:
•
Acute leaf bases
•
Deciduous
•
Silky buds
•
Un-Magnolia-like bark (i.e., not smooth)
flowers with long, distinct, curled over petals
Platanus occidentalis
•
Platanaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Mottled bark
•
Large palmate leaves
•
Fruits
Quercus alba
•
Acorns are high value wildlife food
•
Key Characters:
•
Lobed leaves
•
Shaggy, flaky bark
Rhapidophyllum hystrix
•
Arecaceae
•
Restricted to south Coastal Plain
•
Monotypic genus
•
Moist habitats
•
Key Characters:
•
Slightly taller than Sabal minor
•
Needles at base
Illicium floridanum
•
Illiciaceae
•
Moist areas
•
Stinky flowers
•
Thermogenic flowers
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen leaves
•
Anise scent
•
Star-shaped fruits
•
Large maroon flowers
Epifagus virginiana
•
Orobanchaceae
•
Parasitic on Beech
•
Key Characters:
•
No chlorophyll
Kalmia latifolia
•
Ericaceae
•
Spring-loaded anthers
•
Toxic foliage
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen leaves
•
Irregular architecture
•
Whitish-pink flowers
•
Vertically striated bark
Carpinus caroliniana
•
Betulaceae
•
Very similar to Ostrya virginiana
•
Usually found in bottomlands
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate leaves
•
Gray, fluted bark
Ostrya virginiana
•
Betulaceae
•
Very similar to Carpinus caroliniana
•
Fruits resemble hops
•
Mesic forests
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate leaves
•
Shreddy, reddish brown bark
Ostrya virginiana vs Carpinus caroliniana
Fraxinus
Aesculus pavia
•
Hippocastanaceae
•
Seldom over 20’ tall
•
Key Characters:
•
Opposite leaves
•
Palmately compound leaves (5 leaflets)
•
Red flowers in terminal racemes
Quercus phellos
•
Moist habitat
•
Can be confused with Quercus laurifolia
•
Popular landscape tree
•
Key Characters:
•
Narrow leaves
•
Dense branching architecture
•
Smooth bark
Ginkgo biloba
•
Ginkgoaceae
•
Ancient species (> 150 million years)
•
Dioecious
•
Females produce fleshy seeds with butyric acid
•
Key Characters:
•
Fan-shaped leaves
•
Dichotomous venation
•
Spur shoots
Pyrus calleryana
•
Rosaceae
•
Ornamental pear (Bradford)
•
Native to China
•
Key Characters:
•
Ovate, rounded leaves
•
Tiny pears
•
Rounded architecture
•
Thorns!
Prunus cerasifera
•
Not native
•
Ornamental species
•
Key Characters:
•
Dark brown bark
•
Purple leaves
•
Pink flowers
Catalpa bignonioides
•
Cherokee name is “kutuhlpa”
•
Host for catawba worms (sphinx moth)
•
Key Characters:
•
Whorled leaves
•
Large leaves
•
Leguminous seed pods
•
Large white showy flowers
Prunus caroliana
•
Rosaceae
•
Native to coastal areas
•
Weedy/invasive inland
•
Key Characters:
•
Evergreen
•
Serrate leaf margins
•
Small white flowers
Cercis canadensis
•
Fabaceae
•
Key Characters:
•
Cordate leaves
•
Two-ranked leaves
•
Purple flowers
Gordonia lasianthus
•
Theaceae
•
Bayheads/baygalls
•
Key Characters:
•
Serrate evergreen leaves
•
Grey, furrowed bark
•
Dense, narrow crown
Gelsemium sempervirens
•
Gelsemiaceae
•
Distylous
•
Key Characters:
•
Vine
•
Yellow flowers
•
Opposite, evergreen leaves
Gelsemium rankinii
•
Gelsemiaceae
•
Distylous
•
Prefers wet habitats
•
Key Characters:
•
Vine
•
Yellow flowers
•
Opposite, evergreen leaves
•
Acuminate sepals
Nyssa biflora
•
Restricted to wet sites
•
Key Characters:
•
Buttressed trunks
•
Three bundle scars
•
Drupes in pairs
•
Smaller leaves than other Nyssa
normally fruits in pairs of 2 (bi) or sometimes 3
Hypericum brachyphyllum
•
Hypericaeae
•
Key Characters:
•
Wet habitats
•
Small, needle-like leaves
•
Yellow flowers
Asimina triloba
•
Key Characters:
•
Pepper scent
•
Clonal
•
Acuminate leaf tips
•
Maroon flowers
Halesia diptera
•
Styracaceae
•
Floodplains, stream banks
•
Key Characters:
•
Ovate leaves
•
Irregular symmetry
•
Winged fruits
•
Striped bark
•
White flowers (4 petals)
Betula nigra
•
Stream and river banks
•
Key Characters:
•
Arrowhead leaves with doubly serrate
•
2-ranked leaves
•
Peeling bark
Quercus michauxii
•
Bottomlands
•
Important wildlife food
•
Key Characters:
•
Undulate leaf margins
•
“White oak” bark
Cycas revoluta
•
Cycadaceae
•
Japan
•
Poisonous!
•
Key Characters:
•
Very stiff palm-like leaves
Wisteria sinensis
•
Fabaceae
•
Native to Asia
•
Key Characters:
•
Vine
•
Pinnately compound leaves
•
Large racemes of lavender flowers (occasionally white)
•
Sweet scent
