Chemistry Prep Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic chemistry disciplines, laboratory equipment, safety symbols, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonds, and sustainable practices based on the lecture notes.

Chemistry

A science that examines the structures, properties, interactions, and transformations of atoms, molecules, and ions that make up matter in the universe.

Analytical Chemistry

A sub-discipline of chemistry that identifies which elements or compounds are in a substance and determines their quantities.

Biochemistry

A sub-discipline that investigates chemical events and biomolecules occurring within living organisms.

Organic Chemistry

A sub-discipline that examines carbon compounds and their structures and reactions.

Inorganic Chemistry

A sub-discipline examining compounds other than carbon, such as acids, bases, salts, and metal compounds.

Physical Chemistry

A sub-discipline that explains chemical events using physical principles, covering topics like energy changes, speed, equilibrium, and thermodynamics.

Polymer Chemistry

A sub-discipline examining the structure and properties of polymers, including plastics, rubbers, and fibers.

Industrial Chemistry

A sub-discipline focusing on large-scale production processes and the economic applications of chemical substances.

Beaker (Beher)

A laboratory container used for mixing, heating, and storing liquid substances.

Erlenmeyer

A laboratory flask used for shaking, titration, and the preparation of solutions.

Graduated Cylinder (Mez r)

A laboratory tool used specifically to measure the volume of liquids.

Pipet

A laboratory tool used to take and transfer small volumes of liquid.

Burette (B ret)

A laboratory tool used in titrations to provide accurate liquid volumes.

Test Tube (Deney T p )

A container used to carry out small-scale chemical reactions.

Spatula (Spatul)

A laboratory tool used for taking and transferring solid substances.

Corrosive (Aşındırıcı)

A safety symbol indicating substances that cause damage to skin, eyes, and metals, such as $\text{HCl}$ or $\text{NaOH}$.

Toxic (Zehirli)

A safety symbol indicating substances that can cause serious poisoning even in small amounts, such as $\text{NaCN}$ or $\text{CO}$.

Proton ($p$)

An atomic sub-particle with a charge of $+1$ and a mass of $1.67 \times 10^{-24}\,g$, located in the nucleus.

Neutron ($n^{0}$)

An atomic sub-particle with $0$ charge and a mass of $1.67 \times 10^{-24}\,g$, located in the nucleus.

Electron ($e^{-}$)

An atomic sub-particle with a charge of $-1$ and a mass of $9.11 \times 10^{-28}\,g$, located in the electron cloud.

Atomic Number ($Z$)

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, also known as the nuclear charge.

Mass Number ($A$)

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom.

Isotope

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, such as $^{12}\text{C}$, $^{13}\text{C}$, and $^{14}\text{C}$.

Isobar

Atoms that have the same mass number but different proton numbers, such as $^{14}\text{C}$ and $^{14}\text{N}$.

Isotone

Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different proton numbers, such as $^{14}\text{C}$ and $^{15}\text{N}$.

Alkali Metals (1A)

Reactive group of metals that are soft and react with water; reactivity increases as you move down the group (e.g., $\text{Li}$, $\text{Na}$, $\text{K}$).

Halogens (7A)

Very reactive non-metals found in nature as diatomic ($X_{2}$) molecules, such as $\text{F}$, $\text{Cl}$, and $\text{Br}$.

Noble Gases (8A)

Stable, inert elements that exist as monatomic gases and generally do not form compounds, such as $\text{He}$, $\text{Ne}$, and $\text{Ar}$.

Ionic Bond

A strong chemical interaction formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations (metals) and anions (non-metals) following electron transfer.

Covalent Bond

A strong chemical interaction formed when non-metal atoms share their valence electrons.

Metallic Bond

A strong interaction between positive metal ions and a surrounding sea of free valence electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak intermolecular interaction that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to $\text{F}$, $\text{O}$, or $\text{N}$ and is attracted to a lone pair on a neighboring atom.

London Forces

The weakest intermolecular interaction caused by temporary dipoles, present in all molecules and increasing with molar mass.

Molarity ($M$)

A concentration unit representing the number of moles of solute in $1\,dm^{3}$ ($1\,\text{Liter}$) of solution: $M = \frac{n}{V}$.

Green Chemistry

A chemistry approach aimed at preventing waste, increasing atom economy, and designing safer chemicals and processes to protect the environment.

Nanoparticle

Particles that have at least one dimension between $1$ and $100\,nm$; they exhibit high surface area and unique chemical reactivity.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.