AP human geo unit 7

Industry

The process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods.

Raw materials

The basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to manufacture finished goods.

Market

A place where products are sold.

Cottage industry

Small home-based businesses that make goods.

Industrial Revolution

Starting in the 18th century, a series of technological advances.

Industrial belt

An area with lots of industrial companies, around the edge of a city.

Deinstitutionalization

A process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs as a result of improved technology advancements.

Rust belt

Regions that have large numbers of closed factories.

Primary sector

Extracting natural resources from the earth.

Secondary sector

Making products from natural resources.

Tertiary sector

Providing information and services to people.

Quaternary sector

Managing and processing information.

Quinary sector

Creating information and making high-level decisions.

Least cost theory

Used to explain the key decisions made by businesses about where to locate factories.

Agglomeration economies

The spatial grouping of businesses in order to share costs.

Locational triangle

The three points of the triangle are the market for a good and two resources needed to make the good.

Bulk-reducing industries

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Bulk-gaining industries

Industries whose products weigh more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts.

Labor-oriented industry

Highly dependent on a workforce and will want to be near a source of those workers.

Break of bulk

The procedure of transferring cargo from one mode of transportation to another.

Containerization

The system in which goods are loaded into a standardized shipping unit.

Intermodal

The use of multiple modes of transportation.

Footloose

Businesses that can pack up and leave for a new location quickly and easily.

Front offices

High profile, visible locations often in expensive downtown office buildings.

Back offices

Less expensive spaces for doing the company work that still allow for communication and productivity.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Per capita

Amount per person.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A measure of what similar goods cost in different countries.

Formal sector

The portion of the economy that is monitored by government, so people in it follow regulations and pay taxes.

Informal sector

The portion of the economy that is not monitored by the government.

Gini coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population.

Life expectancy

The number of years a person is expected to live.

Literacy rate

Percentage of the population that can read and write.

Gender gap

Differences in the privileges afforded to males and females in a society.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality.

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator of the level of development for each country, based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Non-governmental organization (NGO)

Private group that pursues self-defined goals outside of government.

Microcredit

The use of very small loans to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development.

Stages of the economic growth model (Rostow)

Look at the shift in a country's economic development from traditional society to high mass consumption.

World Systems Theory (Wallerstein)

Core regions make decisions for the world, while peripheral areas have little influence.

Dependency model

Countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system.

Commodities

Raw materials such as coal, oil, copper, iron ore, wheat, and soya.

Commodity dependence

Economic dependence on exports of raw materials.

Trade

The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.

Barter

A system of exchange in which no money changes hands.

Comparative advantage

The ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than others.

Complementarity

When a country has the income, goods, or services that another country desires.

Free trade

International trade free of government interference.

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets and minimal government intervention.

Trading blocs

Groups of countries that agree to a common set of trade rules.

Mercosur

An organization that promotes trade and economic cooperation among southern and eastern South American countries.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

A permanent global institution to promote international trade.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization that provides loans to troubled nations.

Outsourcing

Contracting work to non-company employees or other companies.

Offshoring

Tertiary and quaternary sector companies move their back offices to other countries.

Reshoring

Returning jobs to a business's home country.

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs from more developed to less developed countries.

Basic economic activity

Actions that create new wealth for a region.

Non-basic economic activity

Does not generate new money for the area.

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

Businesses that operate in multiple countries.

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

Businesses operating in multiple countries.

Export processing zones (EPZs)

Special manufacturing zones for export.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Specific areas within a country with tax incentives to attract foreign business.

Maquiladoras

Zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying goods to the U.S. market.

Free-trade zones (FTZs)

Duty-free and tax-exempt industrial parks for foreign corporations.

Postindustrial economy

An economy that no longer employs large numbers of people in factories.

Assembly line

An arrangement in a factory where a product is moved from worker to worker.

Fordism

System of mass production using the assembly line.

Substitution principle

When businesses maximize profit by substituting one factor of production for another.

Post-Fordist

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules.

Just-in-time delivery

A system where inputs arrive at the assembly location when needed.

Locational interdependence

The location decision for one factory depends on the location of related factories.

Agglomeration economies

Economies of scale from the concentration of people and production in urban areas.

Technophiles

A hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing.

Growth poles (growth centers)

Concentration of high-value economic development attracts even more economic development.

Spin-off benefits (spread effects)

Positive economic outcomes beyond the growth pole.

Backwash effects

Negative effects on one region resulting from economic growth within another region.

Brownfields

Abandoned and polluted industrial sites.

Rust belt

A manufacturing region in the United States that is currently debilitated.

Corporate parks (business parks)

Groupings of office buildings more common than industrial parks now.

Sustainability

Using the earth's resources without causing permanent damage to the environment.

Sustainable development

To address problems caused by depletion of resources and pollution.

Ecological footprint

The impact of a person or community on the environment.

Ecotourism

Travel to a region by people interested in its distinctive ecosystem.

Sustainable development goals

Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. to reduce disparities by 2030.