AP human geo unit 7

Industry – Making goods in large amounts using machines and factories.
Raw materials – Basic stuff like crops or minerals used to make products.
Market – A place where goods are bought and sold.
Cottage industry – Small businesses run from home to make things.
Industrial Revolution – A time starting in the 1700s when machines and new inventions changed how things were made.
Industrial belt – A city area with many factories.
Deindustrialization – When factories close because machines and tech take over jobs.
Rust belt – Areas with many old, shut-down factories.

Primary sector – Jobs that get natural resources from the Earth (like farming, fishing, mining).
Secondary sector – Jobs that make things from natural resources (like factory work).
Tertiary sector – Jobs that provide services (like teachers, doctors, or cashiers).
Quaternary sector – Jobs that work with information (like tech workers).
Quinary sector – Jobs that make big decisions (like government leaders or CEOs).

Least cost theory – A theory about where to build factories to save money.
Agglomeration economies – When businesses group together to save money.
Locational triangle – A way to show the best place for a factory based on where materials and buyers are.
Bulk-reducing industries – The final product weighs less than the materials used to make it.
Bulk-gaining industries – The final product is heavier or bigger than the materials.
Labor-oriented industry – A business that needs lots of workers and wants to be close to where they live.
Break of bulk – Switching goods from one type of transportation to another.
Containerization – Packing goods into standard-sized shipping containers.
Intermodal – Using more than one type of transportation to move goods.
Footloose – Businesses that can easily move to a new place.
Front offices – Fancy offices in downtown areas.
Back offices – Cheaper offices where company work gets done behind the scenes.

Gross National Product (GNP) – The total value of goods and services made by a country’s people, even if they live overseas.
Gross National Income (GNI) – Like GNP, but also includes money going in and out of the country.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The value of everything made in a country.
Remittances – Money people send home to family in another country.
Per capita – Per person.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) – Compares what things cost in different countries.

Formal sector – Legal jobs that pay taxes and follow rules.
Informal sector – Jobs not tracked by the government (like street vending).
Gini coefficient – A number that shows how unequal a country’s income is.
Life expectancy – How long people are expected to live.
Literacy rate – The percent of people who can read and write.
Gender gap – Differences in rights or treatment between men and women.
Gender Inequality Index (GII) – Measures how unequal life is for men and women in a country.
Human Development Index (HDI) – Ranks countries based on health, education, and income.

Non-governmental organization (NGO) – Private groups that help with things like health or jobs, especially for women.
Microcredit – Small loans to help poor people (often women) start businesses.

Rostow’s model of growth – A 5-step path countries follow to develop:

  1. Traditional

  2. Pre-takeoff

  3. Takeoff

  4. Maturity

  5. Mass consumption

World Systems Theory (Wallerstein) –

  • Core countries control most things

  • Semi-periphery countries have some power

  • Periphery countries depend on the others

Dependency model – Countries are all connected and rely on each other.

Commodities – Basic goods like oil, crops, or metals.
Commodity dependence – When a country’s economy relies too much on selling raw materials.
Trade – Buying and selling goods between countries.
Barter – Trading without using money.
Comparative advantage – When a country makes something cheaper or better than others.
Complementarity – When one country has what another wants.

Free trade – Trading without government rules or taxes.
Neoliberalism – Belief in free markets and little government control.
Trading blocs – Groups of countries that trade with special rules.
Mercosur – A South American trade group.
World Trade Organization (WTO) – Helps countries trade and solves trade problems.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Gives loans and advice to help countries with money problems.

Outsourcing – Hiring outside workers to do jobs.
Offshoring – Moving jobs to other countries.
Reshoring – Bringing jobs back to the home country.
New international division of labor – Moving low-skill jobs to poorer countries.

Basic economic activity – Brings new money into an area.
Non-basic economic activity – Uses money already in the area.
Transnational corporations (TNCs) – Businesses in many countries.
Multinational corporations (MNCs) – Another word for TNCs.

Export processing zones (EPZs) – Places where goods are made for export with fewer rules.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) – Areas with low taxes and fewer rules to attract businesses.
Maquiladoras – Factories in Mexico that make goods for the U.S.
Free-trade zones (FTZs) – Areas where businesses don’t pay some taxes.

Postindustrial economy – An economy focused more on services than factories.
Assembly line – A system where each worker does one part of making something.
Fordism – Mass production using assembly lines.
Substitution principle – Replacing one cost (like labor) with another (like machines) to save money.
Post-Fordist – Flexible work where people do more than one job.
Just-in-time delivery – Getting materials exactly when they’re needed to save space and money.
Locational interdependence – One business’s location affects where others go.
Agglomeration economies – Benefits when businesses are close together.

Technopoles – High-tech business centers.
Growth poles – Successful areas that help nearby places grow too.
Spin-off benefits – Good things that happen in other places because of a growth pole.
Backwash effects – Bad things that happen in other places because people and jobs move to the growth pole.

Brownfields – Old, polluted factory sites.
Rust belt – U.S. area with many closed factories.
Corporate parks – Office buildings grouped together, often in suburbs.

Sustainability – Using resources without ruining the planet.
Sustainable development – Meeting needs now without hurting the future.
Ecological footprint – The amount of nature a person or group uses.
Ecotourism – Travel to natural places to enjoy and protect them.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – 17 goals by the U.N. to make the world better by 2030.