Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

It is a study of how people perceive, learn, think, and remember information.

Dialectic

It is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of transformation.

-Thesis

-Antithesis

-Synthesis

Dialectic

Thesis

It is a statement of belief.

Antithesis

It is a statement that contradicts the previous statement of belief.

Synthesis

It integrates the most credible feature of each two views.

- Rationalism

- Empiricism

- Structuralism

- Functionalism

- Associationism

- Behaviorism

- Radical Behaviorism

- Gestalt Psychology

- Cognitive Psychology

Philosophical Antecedents

Rationalism

It is a view that we acquire knowledge through thinking and logical reasoning.

Empiricism

It is a view that we acquire knowledge through empirical evidence or experience and observation.

Rene Descartes

Rationalism

John Locke

Empiricism

Structuralism

It is a first major school of thought in psychology.

Structuralism

It refers to the elementary contents of the human mind.

Reason and Experience are both needed in acquiring knowledge (Immanuel Kant)

Synthesis of Rationalism and Empiricism

Functionalism

It refers to why and how the mind works.

Introspection (Structuralism)

It is the deliberate looking inward at the pieces of information passing through consciousness.

Wilhelm Wundt

Structuralism

Pragmatist

It is the believed that knowledge is validated by it's usefulness.

Associationism

Synthesis of Structuralism and Functionalism

William James

He is the founder of functionalism (functionalist).

Associationism

It is an idea that the events or ideas became associated to the mind.

Behaviorism

It is an idea about the relation between observable behavior and environment.

Ebbinghaus and Thorndike

Associationism

Ivan Pavlov

Behaviorism

Radical Behaviorism

Synthesis of Associationism and Behaviorism

John Watsom and B.F. SKinner

Radical Behaviorism

Radical Behaviorism

It attempts to understand human behavior, even the private events such as thoughts and feelings.

Gestalt Psychology

It understands human when we view them as an organized, structured wholes.

Cognitivism (Cognitive Psychology)

It is a belief that human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.

Karl Spenser Lashley

He challenged the behaviorist idea that the brain is passive organ merely reponding to environmental contingiencies outside the individual.

Karl Spenser Lashley

He considered brain as active, dynamic organizer of behavior.

Artificial Intelligence

It is an attempt of humans to construct system that show intelligence, particularly the intelligence in processing information.

Intelligence

It is the ability to learn from experience, using metacognitive process to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the environment.

Metacognition

it is the people's understanding and control of their own thinking processes.

Metacognition

It is thinking about thinking.

Cultural Intelligence

it describe the person's ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures.

-Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence (Carroll)

-Theory of Multiple Intelligence (Gardner)

-Triarchic theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)

Three Cognitive Models of Intelligence

Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence

It is the hierarchy of cognitive abilities.

Stratum I

It is narrow, specific (cognitive) abilities.

Stratum II

It includes various broad abilities.

Stratum III

It is a single general intelligence (also called g).

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

It is and idea that intelligence comprises multiple independent constructs, and not single, unitary construct.

-Linguistic Intelligence

-Spatial Intelligence

-Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

- Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

-Musical Intelligence

-Intrapersonal Intelligence

-Interpersonal Intelligence

Naturalistic Intelligence

Theory of Multiple intelligence

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

It describes that intelligence is consist of creative, analytical, and practical.

Creative (Triarchic Theory of Intelligence)

It generates novel ideas.

Analytical (Triarchic Theory of Intelligence)

It ascertain whether the idea is good.

Practical (Triarchic Theory of Intelligence)

It implements the idea and persuade others of their value.

-Data gathering

-Data Analysis

-Theory Development

-Hypothesis Formation

-Hypothesis Testing

-Application to the Real World

Goals of Research

Turing Test

It is a test where a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans.

-Controlled Experiments

-Psychobiological Research

-Self-Report

-Case Study

-Naturalistic Observation

- Computer Simulation and Artificial Intelligence

Research Method

-True Experiment

-Quasi-Experiment

Controlled Experiments

True Experiment

It manipulates the randomly assigned controlled group.

Quasi-Experiment

It manipulates assigned people in the controlled group.

Independent Variable

It is an aspect of investigation that are individually manipulated.

Dependent Variable

It is an outcome responses or values of which depend on how one or more independent variables influence or affect the participant in the experiment.

Confounding Variable

It is an irrelevant variable that has been left uncontrollled in a study.

Correlational Studies

It does not infer causation or cause and effect.

Correlational Studies

It simply measures the variables of interest.

-Positive Correlation

-Negative Correlation

Nature of Relationship (r) in Correlational studies

Positive Correlation

A correlation where one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

Negative Correlation

A correlation where one variable increases, the other decreases.

-Postmortem studies

-Brain-damaged individuals and their deficit

-Monitor a participant doing a cognitive task

Psychobiological Research

Postmortem Study

It examine cortex dyslexics after death.

Brain-Damaged Individuals and their Deficit

It study amnesiacs with hippocampus damage.

Monitor a participant doing cognitive task

Measure brain activity of participant while reciting poem

Self-Reports

It is an individual's own account of cognitive processes.

Case Study

It is in-depth studies of individuals.

Naturalistic Observation

It studies cognitive performance in everyday situation outside lab.

Human Cognition (Analogy)

The sequence of symbol manipulation that underlies thinking.

Human Cognition (Analogy)

The goal is discovery of the programs in human memory

Computer simulation of artificial intelligence

It recreate human processes using computers.