American Yawp History Exam #1

Exchange of plants, animals, goods, etc. throughout the Atlantic World

Led to new diets (like Europe didn't have tomatoes)

Transformed environments

Exchange of diseases

Loss of population

Exchange of plants, animals, goods, etc. throughout the Atlantic World

Led to new diets (they didn't have tomatoes)

Transformed environments

Exchange of diseases

Loss of population

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. Participated in frequent warfare. Clan-based system. Population grew 500 percent in one generation. Collapsed due to mounting warfare, internal political tensions, and political turmoil.

Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy

the first permanent English colony established in 1607 that expected to find gold and make profits for the Virginia Company through trade; they did not expect to plant crops.

Indentured Servants

Settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World.

Tobacco

A "cash crop" grown in the Caribbean as well as the Virginia and Maryland colonies, made increasingly profitable by the rapidly growing popularity of smoking in Europe after the voyages of Columbus.

"Headright Policy"

A land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as fifty more for any accompanying servants. The headright policy was eventually expanded to include any colonists—and was also adopted in other colonies too.

Pilgrims

Separatists

Few in number. 102 sailed across the Atlantic on the Mayflower. About half died the first winter.

Came earlier in 1620

For the most part, were of the poor class. Not all on the Mayflower came for religious reasons, some came for better economic opportunities in the New World

Were not terribly well educated

Settled in Plymouth

Had names like William Bradford and William Brewster, and Myles Standish

Puritans

non-separating Congregationalists (they believed the Church of England was the one true church and they were loyal to England, but not in the way they worshipped. They believed that "New England" worship and practice would be an example for Old England and the world.)

Came by the thousands, indeed forty to fifty thousand eventually came. By 1776, 75% of the American population were of Puritan roots.

Came later in 1629

Primarily upper middle class.

Over 100 of the first Puritans to come to America had been educated at Oxford or Cambridge. Within 6 years of landing, the Puritans founded the first college, Harvard, in Cambridge (Boston)

Settled in Salem and Boston

Had names like John Endicott, John Winthrop

Mayflower Compact

a set of rules for self-governance established by the English settlers who traveled to the New World on the Mayflower

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Great Migration

the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970.

Dissenters (i.e. Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams)

one who disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, etc.

Pequot War

Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut

Mercantilism

a national economic policy that is designed to maximize exports, and minimize imports, of a nation. These policies aim to reduce a possible current account deficit or reach a current account surplus.

Navigation Acts

prohibited Dutch merchants from the colonial trade and gave English traders a monopoly by requiring that goods imported into England or its American settlements be carried on English ships.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkeley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doeg attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Popé and the Pueblo Revolt

Pueblo religious leader who led an uprising against the Spanish. Struck major blow to Spanish power. Greatest act of Indian resistance in North American history.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Salem Witchcraft trials

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More than 200 people were accused, 19 of whom were found guilty and executed by hanging.

Atlantic Slave Trade

involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

Olaudah Equiano

a writer and abolitionist from Ihiala, according to his memoir; it is in Igbo region of what is today southeastern Nigeria. Enslaved as a child, he was taken to the Anglo-Caribbean, British West Indies, and sold as a slave to a captain in the Royal Navy.

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Stono Rebellion

The largest slave uprising in the mainland colonies in South Carolina in 1739. Slaves attempted to march to Spanish Florida for their freedom.

gang system

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations. Led by a white slave "driver" that often used violence for motivation.

task system

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

Quakers

Were first group to turn against slavery. Slave owners were disowned and could be expelled for their meetings.

Salutary Neglect

Britain's unofficial policy, initiated by prime minister Robert Walpole , to relax the enforcement of strict regulations, particularly trade laws, imposed on the American colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

Great Awakening

A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Pontiac's War

conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Marked Appalachian Mountains boundary between Indian country and British colonies.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt part to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Battle of Yorktown

German Battle or the siege of Little York, ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution