Chapter 4: Organization of the Cell

Peroxisomes

________ are important in lipid metabolism and detoxify harmful compounds such as ethanol.

Energy

________ captured from nutrients is packaged in ATP, and carbon dioxide and water are produced as byproducts.

Cilia

________ are short, and flagella are long.

DNA

________ transcribes its information in messenger RNA (mrNA) molecules, which enter the cytoplasm to provide information for protein synthesis by ribosomes.

Glycoproteins

________ exit the Golgi through vesicles that are formed at its trans face.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The ________ is a network of folded internal membranes in the cytosol.

Biologists

________ use light microscopes, electron microscopes, and a variety of chemical methods, including the binding of specific antibodies, to study cells and learn about cell structure.

hydrogen peroxide

They produce ________, but contain the enzyme catalase, which degrades this toxic compound.

Photosynthesis

During ________, chlorophyll, the green pigment found in the thylakoid membranes, traps light energy.

Cell division

During ________, the chromosomes condense and become visible as threadlike structures.

Plastids

________ are organelles that produce and store food in the cells of plants and algae.

Plasma membrane

The ________ must be large enough relative to the cell volume to regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Polypeptides

________ synthesized on rough ER may be moved into the ER lumen, where they are assembled into proteins and modified by the addition of a carbohydrate or lipid.

Golgi

The ________ routes some proteins to the plasma membrane for export from the cell.

Nucleolus

The ________ is a region in the nucleus that is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Lysosomes

________ contain enzymes that break down worn- out cell structures, bacteria, and debris taken into cells.

Membranes

________ serve as work surfaces for certain chemical reactions.

Fibronectins

________ are glycoproteins of the eCM that bind to integrins, receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.

Nucleus

The ________ contains genetic information coded in DNA.

hydrostatic pressure

They maintain ________ in plant cells.

nuclear area

They have a(n) ________ rather than a membrane- enclosed nucleus.

Chloroplasts

________ are plastids that carry out photosynthesis.

Fluorescence microscopy

________ can be used to track the locations and movements of specific tagged molecules within cells.

nuclear envelope

The nucleus is bounded by a(n) ________, consisting of a double membrane perforated with nuclear pores that communicate with the cytoplasm.

Centriole

Each ________ has a 9 × 3 arrangement of microtubules.

Intermediate filaments

________ strengthen the cytoskeleton and stabilize cell shape.

complex modifies

The Golgi ________ carbohydrates and lipids that were added to proteins by the ER and packages them in vesicles.

cristae

The ________ and the compartment enclosed by the inner membrane, the matrix, contain enzymes for the reactions of aerobic respiration.

Cells

________ have many organelles, internal structures that carry out specific functions.

Microtubules

________ are hollow cylinders assembled from subunits of the protein tubulin.

electron microscope

The ________ has superior resolving power, enabling investigators to see details of cell structures not observable with conventional microscopes.

Cytoskeleton

The ________ is a dynamic internal protein fiber framework that includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Aerobic respiration

During ________, nutrients are broken down in the presence of oxygen.

Prokaryotic cells

________ typically have a cell wall and ribosomes, and may have propeller- like flagella.

Inner membrane

The ________ is folded, forming cristae that increase its surface area.

Cilia

________ and flagella are thin, movable structures that project from the cell surface and function in movement.

Glycoproteins

________ are transported from the ER to the cis face of the Golgi complex by transport vesicles, which are formed by membrane budding.

DNA

________ in the nucleus associates with protein to form chromatin, which is organized into chromosomes.

plasma membrane

The ________ also allows the cell to selectively exchange materials with its outer environment.

Golgi

The ________ complex also manufactures lysosomes.

plasma membrane

A critical factor in determining cell size is the ratio of the ________ (surface area) to the cells volume.

plasma membrane

The ________ allows the cell to maintain internal conditions that may be very different from those of the outer environment.

plasma membrane

Every cell is surrounded by a(n) ________ that separates it from its external environment.