unit 9 psych hahahahahhah hah.

free association

exploring the unconscious, person is relaxed and can say anything to their mind even if it’s embarassing

psychoanalysis

theory of personality which attributes to thoughts and actions, towards unconscious motives and conflicts

ID

reservoir of unconscious psychic energy which strives to satisfy the basic sexual/agressive drives, operates with the pleasure principle

Ego

largely unconscious executive part of personality, mediates between ID and Superego, balanced with reality

Superego

the part of personality which represents the internalized ideals that provide standards for judgement and future aspirations

Oedipus Complex

boy’s desire toward their mother and jealousy/hatred to the father

fixation

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies in early stages of psychosexual stage, conflicts were unresolved

defense mechanisms

the Ego’s protective methods to reduce or banish conscious: anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

projective test

a personality test that provides the ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of someone’s inner dynamics

thematic apperception test

a projective test that people will express inner feelings/interests, making stories out of an ambiguous scene

inkblot

the most widely used projective test, identiy people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

false consensus effect

the tendecy to overestimate the extent to which others will share our beliefs/behaviors

self-actualization

one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude which helps clients to develop their self-awareness and self-acceptance

trait

characteristic pattern of behaviors/disposition to act/feel, assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

personality inventory

questionaire which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings/behaviors

MMPI

the most widely researched/clinically used personality tests

empirically derived test

tests developed by testing a pool of items, selected those that discriminate between groups

reciprocal determinism

interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

reciprocal determinism defintion 1

according to bandura the environment won’t always control someone’s behavior

reciprocal determinism definition 2

bandura stated that a person’s personality/behaviors can change the environment and how the “vibe“ is like

spotlight effect

the overestimation of others’ noticing/evaluating our performance, appearance and blunders

self-esteem

one’s feeling of high or low self-worth

self-efficiacy

one’s sense of competence and effectivenesss

self-serving bias

a readiness to percieve oneself favorably

individualism

giving one’s goals priority over a groups, identity in terms of personal attributes compared to group identifications

collectivism

giving priority to one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly

psyche

the devil/angel on shoulders

psychoanalytic perspective

childhood experience, unconscious mind

theorists: freud, erickson, and jung

humanistic perspective

psychological growth, free will, personal awareness

theorists: maslow and rogers

trait perspective

durable dispotion or consistency in personalities

5 key personality traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraverion, agreeable, neuroticism

conscientiousness low

disorganized, careless, impulsive

conscientiousness high

organized, careful, disciplined

agreeableness low

ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

neuroticism low

calm, secure, self-satisfied

openness low

practical, routine, conforming

extraversion low

retiring, sober, reserved

agreeableness high

soft-hearted, trusting, helpful

neuroticism high

anxious, insecure, self-pitying

openness high

imaginative, variety, independent

extraversion high

sociable, fun-loving, affectionable

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

major problems wiht trait inventories

abbreviated tests can be innaccurate, results can be skewed by not thinking of average behaviors and must be relatively stable in their lifetime

person-situation controversy

socially changing by situations, consistent personalities that guide behaviors across situations, reciprocal determinism(bandura)

social cognitive perspective

observational learning, self-efficiacy, and situational influences

theorists: bandura

cognitive/personal factors

knowledge, expectations, and attitudes

environmental factors

social norms, access in community, influence on others

behavioral factors

skills, practice, self-efficiency

Hans Eysenck

focused on extraversion and neuroticism, decsribes individual differences in behavior

Choleric type

high N high E

melancholic type

high N low E

sanguine type

low N high E

phlegmatic type

low N low E