chapter 16 history

Which of the following people was a southern Democrat?

Andrew Johnson

What did Robert Smalls have in common with Radical Republicans?

They supported full citizenship rights for black male citizens

Which of the following would Robert Smalls have supported?

Free and compulsory public education

What was the goal of Lincoln's wartime reconstruction plans and were they put into effect?

a quick way to readmit the former confederate states. It called for pardon of all southerners expect confederate leaders, and readmission to the union for any state after 10% of its voters signed a loyalty oath and the sate abolished slavery

Lincoln favored a lenient and conciliatory policy toward

southerners who would give up the struggle and repudiate slave

In December 1863, he issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which offered

a full pardon to all southerners (except certain Confederate leaders) who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept emancipation.

Ten Percent Plan provided

that once 10 percent or more of the voting population of any occupied state had taken the oath, they could set up a loyal government

Lincoln's policy (10 percent) meant to shorten

the war.

why did Lincoln believed his policy (10 percent) would shorten the war

weaken the southern cause by making it easy for disillusioned or lukewarm Confederates to switch sides and support emancipation by insisting that the new governments abolish slavery.

a larger group of congressional moderates opposed Lincoln's plan because

they did not trust the repentant Confederates who would play a major role in the new governments.

Congress also believed Lincoln was exceeding his authority by using

executive powers to restore the Union

After refusing to recognize Lincoln's Ten Percent governments, what did congress pass instead

Congress passed a Reconstruction bill of its own in July 1864. Known as the Wade-Davis Bill

what was required for the Wade-Davis bill to pass

50 percent of the voters take an "ironclad" loyalty oath before the restoration process could begin

Wade Davis bill:

in 1864, congress passed the wade-Davis bill to counter Lincoln's ten percent plan for reconstruction. The bill required that a majority of a former confederate state's white male population take a loyalty oath and guarantee equality for African Americans. President Lincoln pocet-veteod the bill

Why did President Andrew Johnson object to slavery?

In Tennessee, he had objected only to the fact that slaveholding was the privilege of a wealthy minority. He wished that "every head of family in the United States had one slave to take the drudgery and menial service off his family."

who was Andrew Johnson

In 1861, Johnson was the only senator from a Confederate state who remained loyal to the Union and continued to serve in Washington.

Andrew Johnson Unionism and defense of the common people did not include

antislavery sentiments

Was Andrew Johnson friendly towards blacks

no

During the war, while acting as military governor of Tennessee, Johnson endorsed Lincoln's emancipation policy to

destroy the power of the hated planter class rather than as recognition of black humanity

Johnson urged the convention delegates to declare the

ordinances of secession illegal, repudiate the Confederate debt, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.

What condition did Johnson place on southern states for readmission to the Union?

Johnson placed North Carolina, and eventually other states, under appointed provisional governors chosen mostly from among prominent southern politicians who had opposed the secession movement and had rendered no conspicuous service to the Confederacy. The governors were responsible for calling constitutional conventions and ensuring that only "loyal" whites could vote for delegates. Participation required taking the oath of allegiance that Lincoln had prescribed earlier. Confederate leaders and officeholders had to apply for individual presidential pardons to regain their political and property rights. Johnson made one significant addition to the list of the excluded: all those possessing taxable property exceeding $20,000 in value.

What similarity did new southern state constitutions have in the early days of Reconstruction?

Laws passed by southern states immediately after the Civil War to maintain white supremacy by restricting the rights of the newly freed slaves.

Republican uneasiness turned to anger when the new state legislatures passed

- Black Codes restricting the freedom of former slaves.

- troubling were vagrancy and apprenticeship laws that forced African Americans to work and denied them a free choice of employers.

Blacks in some states could not

testify in court on the same basis as whites and were subject to a separate penal code

What agency was created by Congress to help newly freed African Americans in the south?

Freedmen's Bureau

Republicans favored a Reconstruction policy that would give the federal government authority to

limit the political role of ex-Confederates and protect black citizenship

Republican leaders believe, however, that in a modern democratic state, all citizens must have the

same basic rights and opportunities, regardless of natural abilities.

southern blacks, whatever their alleged shortcomings, were likely to be loyal to the

Republican Party that had emancipated them, and thus increase that party's power in the South.

freedmen's bureau was an agency set up to provide

relief, education, legal help, and assistance in obtaining land or work to former slaves.

Freedmen's bureau:

agency established by congress in march 1865 to provide freedmen with shelter, food, and medical aid and to help them establish schools and find employment. The bureau was dissolved in 1872.

Andrew Johnson succeeded in blocking the

Freedmen's Bureau bill, although a modified version later passed.

What was the purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

civil rights bill to nullify the Black Codes and guarantee to freedmen "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens."

what happen after Andrew Johnson veto the

was overridden, signifying that the president was now hopelessly at odds with most of the legislators from what was supposed to be his own party

Which Constitutional amendment guarantees equal rights under the law to all Americans?

14th amendment

why did the republican majority on Capitol Hill pass the 14th amendment

fearing that Johnson would not enforce civil rights legislation or that the courts would declare such laws unconstitutiona

14th amendment:

ratified in 1868, it provided citizenship to exslaves after the civil war and constitutionally protected equal rights under the law for all citizens. Radial republicans used it to enact a congressional reconstruction policy in the former confederate states

which amendment is the most important and why

14th amendment and gave the federal government responsibility for guaranteeing equal rights under the law to all Americans.

Section 1 defined

national citizenship for the first time as extending to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States."

the 14th amendment prohibited states from

abridging the rights of American citizens and could not "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... equal protection of the laws."

The congressional elections of 1866 served as a

referendum on the Fourteenth Amendment.

Andrew Johnson opposed the 14th amendment because

it created a "centralized" government and denied states the right to manage their own affairs; he also counseled southern state legislatures to reject it, and all except Tennessee followed his advice

Why is Reconstruction referred to as an "unfinished revolution"?

the Reconstruction Amendments, as well as the legislation passed to protect civil rights during the 1860s and 1870s, remained to a great extent dead on the books—used only to protect the rights of business corporations.

Yet despite these hard-won changes to the Constitution, the rights that Radical Republicans sought to secure for the freed people did not

become a reality for over a century.

What two groups in Congress made compromises in order to effect what is called Radical Reconstruction?

genuine Radicals and more moderate Republicans.

In 1867 and 1868, Radical Reconstruction nullified and organized

nullified the president's initiatives and reorganized the South.

Radial reconstruction:

the reconstruction acts of 1867 divided the south into five military districts. They required the states to ratify the 14th amendment as a condition of their readmission to the union

Radical Reconstruction was based on the

dubious assumption that once blacks had the vote, they would be able to protect themselves against white supremacists' efforts to deny them their rights

Reconstruction Acts thus signaled a retreat from the true Radical position that sustained federal authority was needed to

complete the transition from slavery to freedom and prevent the resurgence of the South's old ruling class

What was the purpose of the First Reconstruction Act of 1867

reorganized the South into five military districts

when did Andrew Johnson veto the first reconstruction act

March 2, 1867

Why did some Republican senators vote to acquit President Johnson in his impeachment trial?

They feared that removing a president for essentially political reasons would threaten the constitutional balance of powers and allow legislative supremacy over the executive.

Congress then passed laws to limit presidential authority over Reconstruction, which was

The Tenure of Office Act required Senate approval for the removal of officials whose appointment had needed the consent of the Senate.

Another measure limited Johnson's authority to

issue orders to military commanders

Johnson objected the limited authority to issue orders to military commanders because

the restrictions violated the constitutional doctrine of the separation of powers

the did congressmen began to call for Andrew johnson's impeachment.

fighting for his powers and using them to resist establishing Radical regimes in the southern states

what was the timeline of Andrew Johnson impeachment

Faced with this violation of the Tenure of Office Act, the House impeached the president on February 24, and he went on trial before the Senate

what was the vote for Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Republican senators broke with the party leadership and voted for acquittal, the effort to convict Johnson and remove him from office fell one vote short of the necessary two-thirds.

what the outcome from Andrew Johnson's impeachment vote

resulted in part from a skillful defense

Failure to remove Johnson from office embarrassed

Republicans, but the episode did ensure that Reconstruction in the South would proceed as the majority in Congress intended.

Which of the following reflected the goals of Abraham Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?

Ten percent plan

Which of the following indicates that Andrew Johnson favored a minimal Reconstruction policy?

His generosity in granting pardons to the confederate elite

Which amendment is often invoked today in cases concerning affirmative action and reproductive choice?

14th amendment

What did the first Reconstruction Act passed by Congress in 1867 do?

divide the south into five military districts

Which president faced charges of impeachment?

Andrew Johnson

What had to happen in the south before real economic recovery could begin?

a new labor system replaced slavery

what did the civil war do to the economy

scarred the southern landscape and wrecked its economy

which states were devastated from the civil war

One devastated area—central South Carolina—looked to an 1865 observer "like a broad black streak of ruin and desolation." Atlanta, Columbia, and Richmond were gutted by fire.

what happen to factories and railroads after the civil war

factories were dismantled or destroyed. Railroads were torn up.

what have to the confederates after the civil war

The wealth represented by Confederate currency and bonds had melted away

what happens to emancipation after the civil war

emancipation had divested the propertied classes of their most valuable and productive assets—the slaves.

what happen to the south's per capita from the civil war

the South's per capita wealth in 1865 was only about half what it had been in 1860.

after civil war, Most northerners and southerners assumed that southern prosperity still depended on

cotton and that the plantation was the most efficient unit for producing the crop

why were most sharecroppers have no net profit at the end of the year—and often with a debt they had to work off in subsequent years

Croppers had to live on credit until their cotton was sold, and planters or merchants "provisioned" them at high prices and exorbitant interest. Creditors deducted what was owed to them out of the tenant's share of the crop

Hindering efforts to rebuild the plantation economy were

lack of capital, the conviction of southern whites that blacks would work only under compulsion, and the freedmen's resistance to labor conditions that recalled slavery

How did African Americans initially view the sharecropping system?

African Americans initially viewed sharecropping as a step toward landownership.

Sharecropping

after the civil war, the southern states adopted a sharecropping system as a compromise between former slaves who wanted land of their own and former slave owners who needed labor. The landowners provided land, tools, and seed to farming family, who in turn in labor. The resulting crop was divided between them, with the farmers receiving a "share" of one-third to one-half of the crop.

An alternative capital-labor relationship—sharecropping—eventually replaced the

contract system.

credit-starved landlords liked the sharecropping because

it did not require much expenditure before the harvest, and the tenant shared the risks of crop failure or a fall in cotton prices.

during the 1870s, sharecroppers evolved into a

new kind of servitude.

Which of the following best describes the differences in the ideas about freedom held by former slaves and their northern allies?

Former slaves attempted to maintain the family task system of work rather than adopt the individual piecework system northern capitalists pushed

Most northerners and southerners assumed that southern prosperity after the Civil War would depend on __________.

Cotton production

What term refers to former Whig planters and merchants in the South who hoped to realize their dreams in industry and commerce?

Scalawags

The Credit Mobilier scandal occurred during whose presidency?

Ulysses S. grant

Which of the following reflects a way that former slaves in the South asserted their freedom after the Civil War ended?

Establishing the African episcopal church

Why were some women angered by the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

Many feminists were bitter that the amendment did not extend the vote to women

15 amendment:

ratified in 1870, it prohibits the denial or abridgment of the right to vote by the federal or state governments on the basis of race, color, or prior condition as a slave. It was intended to guarantee African Americans the right to vote in the south

States therefore could still limit the 15th amendment by imposing

literacy tests, property qualifications, or poll taxes allegedly applying to all racial groups; such devices would eventually be used to strip southern blacks of the right to vote. But the authors of the amendment did not foresee this

A militant wing of the women's rights movement, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, was so angered that the

Constitution was being amended to, in effect, make gender a qualification for voting that they campaigned against ratification of the amendment.

the 15th amendment disagreement divided the woman suffrage movement for a

generation

Other feminists led by Lucy Stone supported the amendment, saying the 15th amendment was

"the Negro's hour" and that women could afford to wait a few years for the vote.

Under the Fifteenth Amendment, which of the following could no longer be used to limit the suffrage?

Prior status as a slave

How did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony react to the Fifteenth Amendment?

They campaigned against its ratification

Which of the following was associated with the Ku Klux Klan?

Which of the following was associated with the Ku Klux Klan?

During Reconstruction, which group would have been the most sympathetic to the Ku Klux Klan

Conservative democrats

What were the terms and results of the Compromise of 1877?

compromise struck during the contested presidential election of 1867, in which democrats accepted the election of Rutherford H. Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the south and the end of reconstruction

why did the historians have dubbed the Compromise of 1877.

To ensure Hayes's election, Republican leaders struck an informal bargain with conservative southern Democrats

both sides understood that Hayes would be president and that southern blacks would be

abandoned to their fate.

President Hayes immediately ordered the army not to resist a

Democratic takeover of state governments in South Carolina and Louisiana

What principles of government were embraced by Redeemers in southern states as Reconstruction ended?

laissez-faire and white supremacy.

what was referred as the Redeemers

The men who took power after Radical Reconstruction fell in one southern state after another