Review of Bacteria and Archaea

Flashcards about bacteria and archaea, covering cell structure, metabolism, reproduction, genetics, and ecological/economic importance.

Which kingdoms include bacteria and archaea?

Monera

What type of cells are bacteria and archaea composed of?

Prokaryotic cells

How are bacteria and archaea classified into domains?

Through ribosomal RNA sequencing comparison

Name the five kingdoms.

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

What is the concept of UBIQUIDADE in bacteria and archaea?

They are present in almost all ecosystems on Earth

Describe the size range of bacteria.

0.2-2.0 μm in diameter, 1-8 μm in length

Name the basic shapes of bacteria.

Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes

Define quimiotróficos.

Organisms that obtain energy from chemical compounds

Define fototróficos.

Organisms that obtain energy from light

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen, while anaerobic bacteria do not

Describe the composition of the bacterial cell wall.

Made of peptidoglycan

What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?

Provides shape and protection to the prokaryote

How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in cell wall structure?

Gram-positive have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram-negative have a thin layer and an outer membrane.

Describe the Gram staining procedure.

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol wash, safranin; Gram-positive stain purple, Gram-negative stain red

What is the function of bacterial ribosomes?

Synthesize proteins

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes

Where is DNA located in a bacteria?

In the nucleoid, a free and diffuse region within the cytoplasm

What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?

Carry non-essential genes and can be transferred between bacteria

What is the role of the capsule?

Aids in adherence, protects against phagocytosis and dehydration

Describe the function of flagella in bacteria.

Act as propellers for motility

What is the function of fimbriae?

Attachment to surfaces

Describe endospores.

Resistant structures formed in unfavorable conditions

How do bacteria reproduce?

Asexually through binary fission

Name the three processes of genetic material exchange in bacteria.

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Name some applications of bacteria and archaea.

Waste water treatments, bio-fertilizers, food production, and in the pharmaceutical industries.

How does antibiotic-resistance occur in bacteria?

Mutations and genetic recombination create new variants, killing the sensitive bacteria but allowing the drug-resistant strains to survive, multiply and reproduce.

Describe archaea.

Differ from bacteria in cell wall and genome; live in extreme environments

What are methanogens?

Archaea that produce methane

What are halophiles?

Archaea that live in high salt concentrations

Describe the ecological roles of Bacteria and archaea.

Decomposers, producers, nitrogen fixers, bioremediators

How are bacteria and archaea important economically?

Food industry, biotechnology, wastewater treatment, agriculture, medicine

List some human bacterioses.

Gonorrhea, botulism, whooping cough, cholera, leprosy, etc.

What is bioremediation?

The breakdown of contaminants through microorganisms.