Development of a dictatorship

Origins of the Nazi Party

• Started as DAP (Deutsche ArbeiterPartei)

• Hitler joined and within two years turned it into NSDAP after beatng Anton Drexler in a leadership contest

Hitlers Alterations to the DAP

• Hitler appointed a friend from the army to be an administrator

• Hitler suggested the DAP be renamed the NSDAP

• Soon after the name change the party adopted the swastika

• in december 1920 the party newspaper was launched

Changes in NSDAP leadership

Hitler called for a leadership election in july 1921 and won

He was supported by: Rudolf Hess, Herman Goering,Ernst Rohm and Julius streicher

He named himself the Fuhrer and answered to nobody

Formation/Role of SA

• Paramilitary force formed by hitler in august 1921

• often ex soliders or students

• 800 in 1922 and dressed in brownshirts

• Overseen by Ernst Rohm

causes of munich Putsch

LT: Dolchstoss theory that govt betrayed army by surrendering

MT: Hitler and NSDAP heavily influenced by Mussolini’s Blackshirts in Italy

ST: Tension from hyperinflation and french incursion into Ruhr

Events of munich putsch
(8th November)

• November 8th 1923

• Hitler enters a beer hall and demands Von Kahr,Von Lossow and Von seisser join his side and then forces them to stay in the hall

• Rohm uses the SA to take over the local police and army headquarters

• However the main army barracks remained loyal to the government

Events of munich putsch
(9th November)

• Ludendorff allows the bavarian ministers to leave the beer hall and go home

• the three ministers report hitler to government

• most of the townspeople remain loyal to the government

• Hitler and supporters marched into town square and met army

• 18 killed in clash between hitler and army

Consequences of munich putsch

• Ludendorf Rohm and Streicher arrested at the scene

• Goering fled abroad

• Hitler captured after 2 days

Mein Kampf

Hitler believed

• The german race was destined to rule the world

• there was a jewish conspiracy to undermine germany through interracial marriage and taking over german industry

• The German people needed Lebensraum (living space)

  • he openly spoke of invading russia

• the wealth of industry should be used to benefit the working class

• Germany needed totalitatianism

• traditional german values should be restored

NSDAP Reorganisation

• NSDAP relaunched in febuary 1925 after being previously banned

• Party secretary and treasurer appointed

• Central hub based in Munich

• Part structured like a mini state with departments and leaders for regions (35 Gaus and Gauleiters)

  • strasser became a powerful Gauleiter in the north of germany

Paramilitary reoganisation

• SA had become loyal to rohm while hitler was in prison so he replaced rohm as leader of the SA

• SS (schutzstaffel) formed in 1925 to act as Hitler’s bodygoard and because hitler didnt fully trust rohm and the SA

Bamberg Conference

• Northern Gauleiters keen to emphasis socialist elements of 25pp

• Southern Gauleiters keen to emphasise nationalist and racist policies

• Hitler insists policies which could be painted as communist would not be pursued

• Hitler’s control over the party was secured

Wall Street Crash

• Share value on NYSE falls

• Peoples investments fall in value

• Rush to sell shares drops value even lower

Banking crisis

• Banks lost money when NYSE dropped

• People lost savings as a result

• Banks had to recall loans sent to foreign countries

German economic collapse

German banks had to recall money they loaned out to pay back American banks which led to companies laying off workers and increasing unemployment

Unemployment

• unemployment increased from 1 million to 6 million from 1929 to 1933

• because of the banking crisis people lost all their savings and had nothing to fall back on

• taxes went up but wages went down

Growing support for KPD

in the election of 1932 the KPD gained 5% more of the Reichstag. this is because many people saw the communists as the only party who would defend their jobs

Growth in support of NSDAP

• Many Germans were fed up of Weimar and Hitler promised to restore order and to scrap the treaty of Versailles

• The uniformed SA made the NSDAP look organised and reliable

Why did People Support the NSDAP

• Big business - Fear of KPD

• Farmers - Fear of KPD taking land

• Working Class - the Nazis promised ‘work and bread’

• Middle Class - fear of KPD + idea of moral decline in weimar

• Women - traditional Views

Political Developments in early 1932

• April

  Hindenburg 50% in presidential election Hitler 13% (second place)

• May

  • Bruning resigns

  • Von Papen replaces him but isnt supported

Political Developments in late 1932 and eary 1933

• July

  • Nazis gain majority in reichstag and demand VP be sacked

• November

  • VP loses another election and is sacked

• December

  • H makes Von Schleicher chancellor

• January

  • H makes Hitler chancellor and VP Vice chancellor

Why was there so much resistance to the Weimar Republic?

* Believed they were winning the war, but the Weimar pressured Germany into defeat. In turn, they accept the ToV, which they resent for years.
* Keiser is forced to flee, which the middle & upper classes do not approve of, as they preferred a dictatorship.
* The left wing Sparticists want communism, while the Social Democrats & Freikorps want the return of the Keiser.
* Reparations are not being paid and in 1923 the Ruhr is taken over. Stressermann adopts a policy of passive resistance, this plunges Germany into HyperInflation in that same year.
* This urges people to turn towards extremist views.
* The events of the Sparticist Uprising (Jan 1919), Kapp Putsch (1920) & Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923) - showed there was serious discontent at the time.

Why were the Germans hostile to the signing of the ToV (June 1919)

* Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) - blamed Germany solely for WWI
* It was 'Diktat', meaning they had no say.
* Reparations of 6600 million GBP to be paid.
* Take 10% of industry, and 15% of agriculture.
* Army limited to 100'000 soldiers, 6 Ships & no submarines.
* Rhineland to be demilitarised for 15 years.
* Lose 13% of total land, including Alsace-Lorraine to France. Much of the Polish corridor from plebiscites etc.

How did the Weimar survive?

* Bulk of the population were willing to give it a chance, and Stressermann's decision to passively resist the french in 1923, (unlike Nazis)
* Germany has increased external support, as there is a more moderate gov.
* Both Left & Right wing extremist groups have a lack of support and influential leaders then.
* The events of the Sparticist Uprising (Jan 1919), Kapp Putsch (1920) & Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923 this one during Stresemann) - all failing, showed the Weimar had a level of underlying support.
* Dawes Plan (1924) given 800 million marks helped stabilise the economy and stimulate industry etc.

How did Germany recover under Stresemann (1924-29)

* Brings in the Rentenmark (1 Rentenmark = 1 trillion marks) to help stabilise the econemy, and control ultra-inflation. This brought back confidence in the German Banks, so more trading took place.
* Dawes plan of 1924 and 800 million marks are received in US loans. This stimulates industry & improves the economy. (In 1928 the industrial output surpasses pre-WWI levels).
* The Locarno Treaty of 1925 secures Germany's Western borders and results in them joining the LoN in 1926.
* Kellog-Briand Pact of 1928 states that war shall not be used to settle disputes. This makes the public feel safe, and support for the Weimar increases.
* Young Plan of 1929 reduces reparation payments and helps stabilise the economy after the Wall Street Crash (Oct 1929), resulting in the 'Great Depression'.
* All of this results in jobs created, support for the Nazi's at the time goes down - and Germany begins to regain its title as a recognised European power.

What were the weaknesses of the Weimar republic (1919-1933)

* Political factors such as: Proportional representation; article 48 allowing laws to be rushed through; and the bitterness of ToV blamed by many (most right wing) on the Weimar.
* Economic factors such as: Ruhr crisis 1923; Hyperinflation (same year); And the Wall Street Crash of 1929 leading to the Great Depression and loans being recalled from the US, exasperating the situation.
* General factors such as: v. high unemployment rates during the Great Depression (1.5 million to 5 million in just 3 years); Locarno treaty not securing eastern borders and the two Putsches and Spartacist Uprisings illustrating the discontent from the political Left & Right.

Explain the growth of the Nazi party (1919-29)

* Many Germanys are disillusioned after the defeat of WWI. These ex. soldiers turn to groups such as the right-wing Freikorps or Nazi parties.
* Spartacist uprising of 1919 led people to believe a communist takeover could be possible. The middle/upper classes looked to the political right to combat this, as they used force against the Communists and Trade Unions.
* Had the SA that could bully opposition, run by Ernst Rohm.
* Grow in support by saying they will fight ToV.
* Had uniforms that demonstrated strength and order, at it time were the gov. was weak.
* Anti-Jewish propaganda was popular with the masses, as it gave Germany a scapegoat for the problems in recent years (such as the ToV).
* Wall Street Crash of 1929 helps the Nazis, and by 1932 they are the biggest single party with 230 seats in gov.

How does Hiter become chancellor in 1933

* Great Depression meant that the Weimar: raised taxes, cut benefits and wages. As opposed to printing money again.
* Unemployment rises from 1.5 million to over 5 million in only 3 years.
* Becuase of these things, the proposition of extremist views becomes more attractive.
* The Nazi's are now the only group that could deal with the threat of Communism.
* Masters of Propaganda, and dev. the cheap radio so every family could listen to their rallies'.
* In 1932 Schleicher is appointed Chancellor, but struggles to hold power (unpopular).
* Hindenburg wants Von Papen in the position, but Papen knows he is unpopular too. Says to Hindenburg "Let Hitler take the position'. However, Hindenburg thinks Hitler is a 'Bohemian Corporal', and doesn't want him too.
* Hindenburg knows there is increasing pressure to accept if he wants to keep power (Hiter threatening civil war). Accepts on the terms that Hiter has just 3/12 seats in cabinet.

How does Hitler consolidate his power (1933-34)

* Feb 1933 - Reichstag fire, Hiter uses this as an opportunity to blame the Communists (accuses a Dutch Communist of starting it). Increasing the Right wing popularity, while in turn reducing the Lefts.
* The next day he passes the Law for the protection of People & State. This allows him to disband meeting of communists, take away civil liberties and imprison 'enemy's of state'. Using this he arrests & imprisons 4'000 communist leaders.
* Mid 1933 Hitler persuades Hindenburg to pass the Enabling Act. This allows Hitler to pass his own laws, and because of this. In July, he bans all other parties. He can also search homes which acted as good intimidation.
* General Nazifying of the state, trade unions are banned, and services are placed under the Nazi umbrella, called Gleichaltung.
* July 1933 - The Concordat is signed, removing the threat of Catholic intervention, in return leaving the church alone.
* June 1934 - The 'Night of Long knives' is put into operation. Many high ranking communist and left-wing leaders are assassinated. The SS leader Ernst Rohm is also killed, as now the SS was degrading the Nazi image, and it annoyed the army. By doing this, Hitler was showing he accepted and respected the army (leading to the oath of loyalty).
* August 1934 - Hindenburg dies, Hitler calls himself 'Führer'. And the army swears an oath of loyalty in that same year.

How does Hitler go on to further consolidate this power (1934 onwards)

* Concentration camps built. Tool of terror.
* 1935 - Reintroduces conscription.
* 1935 - Anglo-German naval agreement.
* 1936 - Re-occupation of the Rhineland against the ToV.
- Rome-Berlin Axis (Allies with Italy).
* 1939 - Non-Aggression pact between USSR & Germany is signed. However, they break this during 'Operation Barbarossa' in 1941 (when they invade the USSR).

Changes in position of women

* Birth rate in Germany halves between 1900-33.
* Hitler realises he needs the population for the army offensives. So he tries to promote contraception by: Banning contraception & abortion; give medals to women to have large families, and propaganda is given out to promote motherhood.
* Compulsory duty year introduced for women, ordered to work on a farm, or in a home for no pay. However, this does not work as well as predicted. Many ignore the orders.

What were the changes in position of young people

* Youth movements such as the 'Hitler Jugend' are set up to promote the Nazi ideology.
* In 1935 conscription is made compulsory, and in 1936 so is the Hitler Jugend.
* Made to look like the scouts, so it is more inviting.
* In school the Nazi's try and cultivate anguish and hate for the allied nations & Jews, so that they will fight honourably for the Nazi cause.

What were the changes in the position of Jews.

* Jews make up only 1% of the total pop. However make up 16% of lawyers, 17% of bankers and 10'000 doctors.
* Nazi's use the Jews as scapegoats for the ToV, and other failures of the German government over the years, the general public find it easy to get behind and support.
* Slowly over time the Nazi's are able to become more and more anti-semitic without drawing particular attention to the matter.
* 1933 see's the first Jews Boycott of shops etc. It also see's the exclusion of Jewish people from well-regarded professions such as teaching.
* 1935 - Nuremberg laws are passed, this removes any Jews German citizenship. It also bans them from marrying an Aryan person. In the law passed: 'For the protection of German blood and honour'.
* 1937 - Hitlers first openly outspoken attack on the Jewish pop.
* 1938 November - All this anti-semitic treatment culminates into the events of Kristallnacht, in which the Nazi's encourage the attacking of Jewish businesses etc. 91 Jews are killed, and 30'000 arrested.

Who opposed the Nazi's

* The Edelweiss Pirates were a symbol of opposition to the Nazi's - and would beat up Hitler Youth patrols etc.
* White Rose Group - this group would hand out anti-Nazi propaganda. They are ultimately all executed, many at 'Plötzensee Prison' in Berlin.
* Dietrich Bonhoeffer - This man tried to plot the assassination of Hitler, hide jews and many other anti-Nazi things. He openly spoke about his stance on the disabled euthanasia program and other Nazi programs. He was tried and killed for his views. Leading him to become a symbol for anti-Nazi views.
* July Bomb Plot - In 1944 Von Stauffenberg plots with others to kill Hitler and utilise 'Operation Valkyrie', in order to take control of Germany through the territorial reserve army.

What were the problems facing Weimar Republic (Armistice)

Many Germans hated the government for signing the armistice in November 1918 - they called them the November criminals. The defeat in the war came as a huge surprise to the German people, and many ordinary German soldiers, which led to a theory that the brave German army had been 'stabbed in the back' by the politicians.

What were the problems facing Weimar Republic (TOV)

In early 1919 the victorious Allies met to discuss how to punish Germany and on 28 June 1919 the new German government was forced to sign a peace settlement called the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty punished Germany militarily, territorially and financially. Many Germans felt their country had received a very harsh deal in the treaty and resented the government for agreeing to its conditions. However, German government had been given an ultimatum - sign within five days or risk invasion.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (B)

Blame - Germany was forced to accept the blame for starting the war under article 231 of the treaty, known as the War Guilt Clause.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (R)

Reparations - This was the name given to the money Germany had to pay for the damage suffered by Britain and France during the war. In 1922 the amount to be paid was set at £6.6 billion.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (A)

Armed Forces - Germany's army and navy were significantly reduced in size and its air force abolished. This meant that a maximum of 100,000 troops were allowed in the army and conscription (compulsory service) and tanks were banned. Germany's navy was reduced to 15,000 personnel, allowed only 6 battleships and no submarines.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (T)

Territory - Germany lost land on all sides of its borders as well as its overseas colonies (other countries under Germany's control). In Europe:

Alsace-Lorraine went back to France.

Eupen-Malmedy was recognised as Belgian.

France also took the coal from the Saar region, which became a League of Nations protectorate for 15 years. Eventually the Ruhr would also be occupied by the French.

Some Upper Silesia went to the newly formed Czechoslovakia, and some to Poland - both of which Germany had to recognise as independent countries. Posen was given to Poland, as was Danzig and area nearby so they would have access to the sea - the 'Polish corridor'.

East Prussia essentially was cut off from the rest of Germany by Poland in the middle.

The Rhineland was demilitarised - this would provide France with an extra 'buffer zone' of protection
.
The agreements that had been made when Russia left the war in 1917 under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk were overturned. Land that Germany would have taken from Russia now became the independent Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Some land also went to Poland.

'Anchluß' - Anschluss - the union of Germany and Austria - was forbidden.

What were the challenges to the Weimar Republic (Spartacists) January 1919

During 5 - 12 January 1919, 50,000 members of the post-World War One Communist Party, known as the Spartacists, rebelled in Berlin, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.

The government was saved when, through the army, it armed bands of ex-soldiers, known as the Freikorps, who defeated the Spartacist rebels.

In the aftermath, communist workers' councils seized power all over Germany, and a Communist People's Government took power in Bavaria.

Liebknecht and Luxemburg were killed by the Freikorps after being arrested on the 15th. Luxemburg's body was dumped in a canal.

By May 1919 the Freikorps had crushed all of these uprisings.

Describe the threat from the Right: The Kapp Putsch March 1920

In crushing the communists the Freikorps had saved the government, but the terms of the Treaty of Versailles meant Germany's army had to be significantly reduced and the Freikorps had to be disbanded.

During 13 - 17 March 1920, as a reaction to this, the right-wing nationalist, Dr Wolfgang Kapp led a Freikorps takeover in Berlin.

The regular army refused to attack the Freikorps; Kapp was only defeated when the workers of Berlin went on strike and refused to cooperate with him.

Describe some
challenges to the Weimar Republic 1919-23(Other violence)

Nationalist terrorists assassinated 356 government politicians, including Walter Rathenau (June 1922), the foreign minister, and Matthias Erzberger who had been finance minister. Judges in their trials, many of whom preferred the Kaiser's government, consistently gave these terrorists light sentences, or let them go free.

What were the causes of Hyperinflation (printing)

As Germany had no goods to trade they were simply printing more money
Reparations also needed to be paid so more money was printed of to pay all of this
Due to more money being printed, wages and prices rose

What were the causes of Hyperinflation (Ruhr) Nov 1922

-Germany missed reparations
-French believed Germany could pay but chose not to
-France and belgium occupied the Ruhr, Germany's most industrial area
-They occupied coal mineas, railwas steel wors and factories(crippling german economy)
-German government called for passive resistance
-132 killed and 150,00 expelled by french
-Led to printing more money

Effects of hyperinflation (prices)

-Prices ran out of control, for example a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923, had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.
-By autumn 1923 it cost more to print a note than the note was worth.
-During the crisis, workers were often paid twice per day because prices rose so fast their wages were virtually worthless by lunchtime.

Positive effects of Hyperinflation (winners)

Borrowers, such as businessmen, landowners and those with mortgages, found they were able to pay back their loans easily with worthless money.

People on wages were relatively safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. However, even their wages eventually failed to keep up with prices.

Farmers coped well, since their products remained in demand and they received more money for them as prices spiralled.

Negative effects of hyperinflation (losers)

People on fixed incomes, like students, pensioners or the sick, found their incomes did not keep up with prices.

People with savings and those who had lent money, for example to the government, were the most badly hit as their money became worthless.

Effects of Hyperinflation (rebellion) 1923

A nationalist group called Black Reichswehr rebelled in September.

Communists took over the governments of Saxony and Thuringia in October.

Communists also took over the Rhineland and declared it independent in the same month.

A fascist group called the Nazis attempted a putsch in Munich in November.

How did Stresemann end hyperinflation?

-He called off passive resistance. Goods were back in production and government could stop printing money to pay striking workers

-Promising to begin reparation payments again. Convinced France and Belgium to end Ruhr occupation by 1925.

New currency- Stabilised prices only a limited number were printed meaning money's value rose. Restored confidence in German economy internally and internationally

Reduced amount of money spent by government (700k employees lost their jobs) this reduced the budget deficit

How did Stresseman end Hyperinflation (Renegotaiation)

Stresemann convinced allies, this led to two new repayment plans in the next 5 years (Dawes and young)

Describe Dawes plan include (date, amount to be paid, amout of time to pay, loans to Germany)

Date-Proposed April 1924, agreed September 1924

Amount of reparations to be paid-Stayed the same overall (50 billion Marks) but Germany only had to pay 1 billion Marks per year for the first 5 years and 2.5 billion per year after that

Amount of time over which they would be paid-Indefinite

Loans made available to Germany-Germany was loaned 800 million Marks from the USA

Describe Young plan include (date, amount to be paid, amout of time to pay, loans to Germany)

Date-Proposed August 1929, agreed January 1930

Amount of reparations to be paid-Reduced the total amount by 20 per cent. Germany was to pay 2 billion Marks per year, two thirds of which could be postponed each year if necessary

Amount of time over which they would be paid-59 years, with payments to end in 1988

Loans made available to Germany-US banks would continue to loan Germany money, coordinated by J P Morgan, one of the world's leading bankers

What were the signs of German recovery (1924-1929) golden years

-By 1928 industrial production levels were higher than those of 1913 (before World War One)
-Between 1925 and 1929 exports (sending goods or services abroad) rose by 40 per cent
-Hourly wages rose every year from 1924 to 1929 and by 10 per cent in 1928 alone
-IG Farben, a German chemical manufacturing company, became the largest industrial company in Europe
-Generous pension, health and unemployment insurance schemes were introduced from 1927

What were the signs of continued weakness (1924-1929) golden years

-agricultural production did not recover to its pre-war levels
-Germany spent more on imports than it earned from exports, so Germany was losing money every year
-unemployment did not fall below 1.3 million and in 1929 increased to 1.9 million
-German industry became dependent upon loans from the USA
-The government ended up spending more than it received in taxes and so continued to run deficits from 1925 onwards

What was the Locarno Treaty? (1925)

In October 1925 Germany, France and Belgium agreed to respect their post-Versailles borders, whilst Germany agreed with Poland and Czechoslovakia to settle any border disputes peacefully. Germany had previously complained bitterly about their loss of territory.

How did Germany join the league of nations? (1926)

When the League of Nations was set up as part of the Versailles agreement Germany was initially excluded. By signing the Locarno Treaties Germany showed that it was accepting the Versailles settlement and so a year later was accepted as a permanent member of the Council of League, making it one of the most powerful countries in the League.

what was the Kellog Briand pact (1928)

Germany was one of 62 countries that signed up to this agreement, which committed its signatories to settling disputes between them peacefully.

How did the Locarno, kellog briand pact and entry to league of nations affect German and its international relations?

-Germany was accepted into the emerging 'international community' that sought to work together during the 1920s to avoid another destructive war.

- It also helped Germany's internal wounds to heal - the government was seen to be taking decisive action to make life better for people and right some of the wrongs that the Treaty of Versailles had caused.

-This led to greater political stability and less extremism. This ethos of collaboration and peaceful cooperation only lasted, however, until the onset of the Great Depression following the Wall Street Crash of October 1929.

How did Germans feel after Germany's surrender in the first world war?

-Many Germans hated the government for signing the armistice in November 1918 - and called them the 'November Criminals'.

-Many people were led to believe that Jews in the army and government had encouraged the surrender.

-The German government also signed the Treaty of Versailles, which blamed and punished Germany for starting the war. As many German families had lost their men during the war, this was especially hard to bear.

List the events which led to Hitler becoming the leader of the Nazi party (1919-1921)

1919 - Hitler joined the German Worker's Party (DAP), a right-wing group led by Anton Drexler.

1920 - Hitler became the Party's leading public speaker and propagandist.

1920 - The group changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) - or Nazis for short.

1921 - Hitler was elected Party Chairman and leader of the Nazis.

What were the causes that led to Hitler attempting the Munich Putsch in 1923

-By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before.

-The Weimar Republic was in crisis due to hyperinflation.

-In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and German nationalists were furious with the government.

-Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria.

-Hitler had a huge army of SA members, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not give them something to do.

-Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini - the Italian fascist leader - who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome.

What were the events of the Munich Putsch? (5 things) 1923

-Hitler collected the SA and told them to be ready to rebel.

-On 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight.

-On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 SA members burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel - and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper.

-The next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and the SA went into Munich on what they thought would be a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 members of the SA.

-Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later.

What were the consequences of the munich putsch (short term failure) 1923

-The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927.
-Hitler was tried for high treason (betraying his country) and sentenced to five years in prison.

What were the consequences of the munich putsch (long term successes) 1923

-He was sentenced in April and out of prison by December. During his time in the comfortable Landsberg Prison, he wrote 'Mein Kampf' - a propaganda book setting out Nazi beliefs. Millions of Germans read it, and Hitler's ideas became very well-known.

-The fact that the judge had been so lenient with the sentence and that Hitler had served so little time suggests that some people in authority had sympathy with Hitler and what he had tried to do.

-Hitler realised that he would never come to power by revolution and that he would have use democratic means, so he reorganised the party to enable it to take part in elections.

when was the kapp putsch

March 1920

when did hitler become leader of the nazi party

July 1921

When was the SA set up and who was it's leader?

August 1921, Ernst Rohm

When was the Dawes Plan?

1924

When was the Locarno Pact?

1925

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

September 1926

When was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

1928

What was the Locarno Pact?

Germany, France and Belgium agreed to respect each others territory. Britain would defend any nation that was invaded.

When was the Young Plan?

1929

When was the Wall Street Crash?

October 1929

When did Stresemann die?

October 1929

When did Hitler become Chancellor?

30th January 1933

When was the Reichstag fire?

27th February 1933

When was the Enabling Act passed?

March 1933

What was the Enabling Act?

A law that would allow Hitler to pass laws without the approval of the Reichstag or the President

When was the Concordat signed with the catholic church

1933

When was the Night of the Long Knives?

30th June 1934

When did Hindenburg die + what did Hitler do after?

2nd August 1934, within hours Hitler combines role of president and chancellor to create "Fuhrer of the third Reich" and army swears an oath of loyalty

When did membership of the Hitler Youth become compulsory?

1936

When was Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

November 1938

When did Germany invade Poland?

September 1, 1939

When did the Holocaust begin?

1941

When did Germany invade the Soviet Union

June 1941

When did WW2 end?

1945

When did Hitler commit suicide?

April 30th, 1945

When was the UN created?

1945

What was the Young Plan?

> Reduced total reparation debt from £6.6 billion to £2 billion
> Germany was given 59 years to pay (longer)

When was Kaiser Wilhelm II exiled?

nov 9th 1918

when did ww1 end

November 11, 1918

When was the Weimar Constitution established?

1919

When was the Spartacist Uprising?

5th January 1919

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

28th June 1919

When did france and belgium invade the ruhr

January 1923

When was hyperinflation in Germany?

1923

How much did one loaf of bread cost during hyperinflation in Germany

250 marks in January
200,000 million marks in november