micro quiz 4

heterotrophic bacteria

uses oxidation for ATP

most bacteria are this type

autotrophs

get energy from Nitrogen and phosphate

* from inorganic compounds

photosynthetic

phototrophs

use sun for energy

respiration

where the energy that is stored in organic molecules is released

energy is captured in ATP to do work

cellular respiration

oxidation of glucose to CO2

redox reaction

removes and transfers electrons

3 steps of cellular respiration

1. glycolysis
2. krebs cycle

3\.chemiosmosis

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glycolysis

glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

2 atp made

NADH carries energy as high energy electrons

Krebs cycle

happens in the cytoplasm

2 atp

pyruvic acid to acety;

CO2 released

more electrons captured as NADH

Chemiosmosis

production of ATP by membrane bound enzymes using energy from NADH/ FADH

34 ATP made

only steo that requires O2

makes H2O

anaerobic respiration

without O2

obligate anerobe

can not survive with O2

facultative anaerobe

can grow with or without O2

fermentation

gets energy from glucose without krebs or chemiosmosis

pass of electrons carried by NADH to other molecules

2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate

alcohol fermentation

yeast- ethanol + O2

lactic acid fermentation

bacteria and muscle tissue

pyruvate to lactic acid

no CO2 produced

binary fission

most common bacterial cell division

geometric progression

DNA replicates: hapliod parent produces 2 haploid daughter cells

geometric progression

1-2-4-8-16-32…

budding

a bud grows on a mother cell

ex yeast

CFU

colony forming unit

number of viable cells in a culture

filamentous growth

long branching filaments with multiple chromosomes

how most fungi grow

biomass

cells growing larger by size not by number

exponential growth

under favorable lab conditions, bacteria population with double at regular intervals

* doesnt happen in nature

order of growth phases

lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, death/ decline phase.

physical factots effecting bacterial growth

pH, temp, moisture, O2, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, salt, and radiation

psychrophiles

0-20 degrees C

mesophiles

20-40 degrees C

most bacteria

thermophiles

40-60 degrees C

extreme thermophiles

greater than 60 degrees C

halophile

microorganism that can tolerate salty conditions

continous cultures of bacteria

batch culture and chemostat

batch culture

shake the flask to increase O2

chemostat

constantly replaces medium with pump

supplies nutrients and removes waste

allows continuous and long term growth

fungi

single-celled or multicellular eukaryotes

mostly decomposers (sapropytic)

heterotrophic

sapropytic

decomposers

heterotrophic

absorbs nutrients

uses enzymes to digest food

hyphae

long filaments

multinucliate

myilleum

bunch pf connected hyphae

fungi cell wall

chitin/ polysaccharide

what do fungi produce

antibiotics

mycoses

disease caused by fungi

superficial mycoses

localized on skin, hair and nails

subcutaneous mycoses

confined to dermis and subcutaneous tissue

systemic mycoses

deep infection of internal organs

dimorphic

growa as a mold or hyphal form in soil but can convert into single celled yeast form during infection

dermatophyte

general term for fungus that causes a superficial skin infection

tineas

superficial mycoses on outermost layer of skin

name depends on location

very contagious

tinea pedis

athletes foot

tinea captis

head (ringworm)

tinea cursis

groin (jock itch)

tinea unguum

trunk of body/ arms

tinea barbae

beard

subcutaneous mycoses

follows skin wound so the infection can get into dermis

sporotrichosis- soil organism

sporotrichosis

soil organism/ dimorphic fungus

follows insect bite, thorn prick

rose handlers disease

histoplasmosis

serious disease of mostly lungs but also liver, heart, cns…

antifungal meds (itraconazole) blocks cw synthesis

from bat droppings

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aspergillius

reaction to mold

antifungal treatment

pulmonary infection

pneumonia, scared lung tissue, and allergic reactions

ascomycota

sac fungi

75% of fungi

penecillan

antibiotic

green and non pathogenic

blue cheese- tangy taste

yeast

single-celled ascomyte

saccharomyces cerevisae

facultative anaerobes

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cryptocosis

skin, lung or systemic infection

candido albicans

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normal flora in mucus membranes as yeast

causes thrush- white spots on tongue

thrush

white specks on tongue

hyphal growth- irritation/ shedding of tissue as yeast cell sprouts

acidic pH prevents growth

antifungal treatment through s vien-stomach pH would destroy it

edible morel

non pathogenic ascomyte- mushroom

basidiomyces

typical mushrppm- plant pathogen

fruiting body

reproductive part of mushroom above soil

parasite

an organism that lives at the expenxe of another

obtains food and shelter by living in or on another organismgo

host

the organism that the parasite lives in

definative host

an organism that supports the adult/ sexually reproductive form of a parasitr

intermediate host

an organism that supports an immature or non reproductive parasiteo

facultive parasite

an organism that can live both in or on a host as well as in free formf

obligate parasite

an organism that must live in association with a host

endoparasite

live within the body of a host

ectoparasite

live on skin or surface of the host

pathogenic parasite

causes harm to the host

commensal parasite

benefits from the host without causing it any harm

vector

an organism that transfers a parasite to a new host

biological vector

a vector where the parasite goes through part of its life cycle

mechanical vector

a vector in wich the parasite does not go through any part of its life cycle

formite

non-living object that can harbor and transmit an infectious agent

protists

group of eukaryotes consisting of organisms that arent snimsld, fungi, or green plants

reproduction of protists

mostly asexual mitosis, bianary fission or budding, some reproduce sexually

euglenoids

flagellated protozoa

eugiena gracillis

a mobile photsynthetic protist

kinetoplastids

group of flagelated, non-photosynthetic protozoa

do not ingest food

parasites

trypanosoma

cuases sleeping sickness

trypanosoma brucei

sleeping sickness or african trypanosomiasis

transmitted by a fly

gardia lambia

lives in small intestine and does not invade cells

not a dysentery

giardiasis

causes diareah

dysentary

damage to the intestine lining, bloody diarrhea

caused by shigella or amoeba infections

cysts

resistant to adverse enviromental conditions

non reproductive form passes in the feces of the infected host

giardia lamblia

seen in public water systems

use of private wells

can be removed by filtration

(Flagyl) metronidazole

antimetabolite drug used to treat prozoan infection

amphotericin

antifungal drug used to treat severe parasitic infections

can have severe side effects

paramecium

reproduction by asexual budding\\and sexual reproduction in a stressfull enviroment

apicomplexes/ sporozoa

spore forming animal parasites

malarial parasite

transmitted by female mosquitoes

requires both hosts

both sexual and asexual

asexual phase of malaria plasmodium

sporozite in human blood goes into liver and produces merozoites which infect RBCs

sexual phase of malaria plasmodium

in RBCs some merozoites develop into haploid female or male gametocytes

gametocytes

taken up my mosquitos, fuse in gut to make zygote, zygote develops into sporozite in thr salvatory gland of the mosquito

diploid sporozoite

transfered to human by bite of mosquito