AP psyc all the voacb I dont know

deep processing

A cognitive process where information is analyzed and connected to existing knowledge, leading to better retention and understanding.

cannon- bard theory

physiological arousal and emotion happen simultaneously

heart starts racing and you feel afraid at the same time

• you need to feel afraid as fast as possible

Optimal Arousal Theory

behavior is caused by the motivation to maintain optimal arousal

two factor theory

• physiological arousal and cognitive label= emotion

Yerkes Dodson Law

peak level of performance= intermediate level of stress or arousal

focus of humanistic therapies

• explore present and future feelings

• conscious thoughts

• taking immediate responsibility for one’s feelings and actions

• promoting growth instead of healing illness

aversive conditioning

type of counterconditionung that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) w/an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy (OC)

• rewards desired behavior

• patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

behavior modification (OC)

psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior

fixed ratio

fixed interval

variable ratio

variable interval

fixed= specific amount of ___ has passed

variable= no specific amount of __ has passed

Ratio= responses

interval= time

respondent vs operational behavior

respondent is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus while operational is based on eviorment giving a consequence (punishment/reinforcer)

semantic encoding

ideal way

putting info into memory based on meaning (connections, relatability, US history is easier bc we have some context)

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photograph or picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Transcience (7 sins)

storage decay over time (unused info fades)

Blocking (7 sins)

inaccessibility of stored info

e.g: “tip of tongue”

recency effect

the concept that a person has an enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words

suggestibility

lingering effects of misinformation

context effects

you remember things better when you are in the location the memories occured in

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

e.g: you show someone the color yellow and they think of lemons more quickly than some other random thing

Implicit (procedural) memory

the ‘doing’- demonstrating explicit memory

e.g:riding a bike, you don’t need any conscious knowledge, it just comes naturally after learning it once

perceptual adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

e.g: getting used to new glasses

convergence

eye muscles turn in (converge) as smth gets closer, sending depth info to the brain

interposition

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

relative motion/motion parallax

as we move, objects may appear to move

objects beyond our eyes’s fixation pnt appear to move w/you —> farther= lower apparent speed

retinal disparity

getting 2 slightly different messages on 2 slightly different retina to send depth info to brain

perceptual set

a tendency to interpret sensory information based on pre-existing knowledge, expectations, and biases

yerkes dodson law

The principle that optimal performance occurs at an intermediate level of arousal, suggesting that too little or too much arousal can hinder performance on tasks.

Pitch theroy

• Freqnecy theroy

• Volly principle

Pitch theory= is both of them together

Frequency theory low sound

Volly pricniple high freqncy/ pitch sound

Temperament

• natural, biologically based emotional and behavioral style of interacting with the environment.

Resilience

ability to recover from adversity or stress

Imprinting

rapid, innate learning process that occurs in a critical period just after birth.

Drive-reduction theory

physiological need creates an unpleasant state of arousal (a "drive") that motivates an organism to act in a way that reduces the drive and restores homeostasis.

Similarity

the tendency to perceive objects that are similar in appearance as part of the same group.

Approach-approach conflict

when y choose between two things y like

Avoidance-avoidance

Choosing between two undesirable options

Approach-avoidance

A conflict that arises when a person faces a single goal or option that has both positive and negative aspects, leading to both approach and avoidance tendencies. But its only for one choice

Unconscious:

• Refers to Freudian psychology—thoughts or motivations outside of conscious awareness.

Assimilation

child fits new information into an existing schema

Accommodation

child changes their schema to fit new information

If Andrea had thought only robins were birds, and had to adjust her idea to include sparrows, that would be accommodation.

instinctive drift

the tendency of a learned behavior to gradually revert to a more innate, natural behavior

what is pitch related to

pitch is directly related to the frequency of a sound wave.

Amplitude

Refers to the height of the wave, which determines loudness, not pitch

Müller-Lyer illusion

two lines of equal length that look different because of the direction of the arrowheads.

• This shapes their perceptual set—their expectations of what they see.

• they interpret the illusion based on their experiences (like corners in buildings), making it a classic example of top-down processing.

perceptual hypotheses

Predictions about what we will perceive based on prior experiences and knowledge. These hypotheses influence how we interpret sensory information.

depth perception

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and to judge distances between objects. It relies on binocular and monocular cues.

limbic system

group of brain structures—including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus—that are involved in:

• Emotion regulation

• Memory formation

• Motivation

Flat affect

in SZ

loss or absence of normal emotional expression

Free association

a technique primarily used in psychoanalysis, where a patient is encouraged to speak freely, without censorship, about whatever comes to mind

distress

a type of stress that has a negative impact on an individual, causing maladaptation and potentially serious health risks

Perspective

• Biological

• behavioral

• cognitive

• humanistic

• psycodynmic

• evolutionary

• sociocultural

• biopsychsocial

• Biological Perspective: Focuses on the biological basis of behavior, including the brain, nervous system, and genetics.

• Behavioral Perspective: Emphasizes the role of learning and environmental influences on behavior.

• Cognitive Perspective: Examines mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

• Humanistic Perspective: Focuses on the individual's potential for growth, self-actualization, and positive experiences.

• Psychodynamic Perspective: Emphasizes unconscious motivations and early childhood experiences.

• Evolutionary Perspective: Explores how behavior is shaped by evolutionary processes and natural selection.

• Sociocultural Perspective: Examines how culture, social norms, and group dynamics influence behavior.

• Biopsychosocial Perspective: Integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in understanding behavior.

situational/ dispositional attribution

situational attribution- refers to explaining a person's behavior by attributing it to external factors or the situation they are in

dispositional attribution- explains behavior by attributing it to internal factors or a person's personality

Algorithms

a step-by-step, methodical procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem

antagonist/ agonist

agonist- enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its action or increasing its availability

antagonist- reduces or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter by interfering with its normal functioning

proactive interference

when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn and recall new information

diathesis stress model

model which suggests that a mental disorder develops when an individual has a vulnerability or predisposition combines w/a stressful situations

dissociative fugue

temporary state where a person has memory loss (amnesia) and ends up in an unexpected place

the bio-psycho-social perspective

assumes that bio, psycho, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psych disorders

the learning perspective

• environment and experience affect a person’s or animal’s actions

• includes behaviorism and social cognitive learning theories

• fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement, observational learning

physiology

when the disordered brain detects something is a miss, it generated a mental hiccup of repeating thoughts or actions

e.g: fear learning experiences can traumatize the brain, by soldering fear circuits within the amygdala

biological perspective

emphasizes how genes, brain structures, and neurotransmitters influence thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

the depressed brain

• norepinepherine and serotonin is overabundant during mania and scarce during depression

• genes direct neurotransmitters which influence behavior

social cognitive perspective

our thoughts influence biochemical events that can increase depressing thoughts

• negative thoughts feed negative mood

• negative moods feed negative thoughts

• depression’s vicious cycle

types of delusions

paranoid (feel someone is following them, etc.)

paranoid reference (things that have nothing to do w/u are abt u)

grandiose (I’m a god, I’m invincible)

erotomanic ( a complete stranger who is in love with you)

accommodation process in lenses

by which the eye changes shape to focus on near or distant objects, adjusting the lens curvature.

synesthesia

neurological condition characterized by the involuntary and consistent blending of sensory experiences. This means that individuals with synesthesia perceive stimuli in one sense (e.g., sound, sight) as simultaneous experiences in another sense (e.g., taste, color).

change blindness

the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice a change in a visual stimulus, even when the change is significant

Top down vs bottom up processing

bottom-up processing

• Sensory to brain

• the brain analyzes basic features of a stimulus to create a whole

Top-down processing

• Brain to senses

• use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems

personality inventory

a self-report questionnaire designed to assess personality traits

mode

the most frequently occurring value in a data set.

gate control theory

explains how the spinal cord acts as a "gate" controlling the transmission of pain signals to the brain

place theory

how we perceive different pitches of sound based on the location of vibration on the basilar membrane within the cochlea

The absolute threshold

the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time

social trap

situation where individuals, groups, or even entire societies engage in behaviors that seem beneficial in the short term, but ultimately lead to negative or lethal consequences, making it difficult to escape once initiated

aptitude test

predicts smth abt y

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in situations or places from which escape might be difficult or help might not be available

discrimination accuracy

unfair negative behavior towards a group and its members, often based on stereotypes and prejudice

situational attribution

explaining someone's behavior by attributing it to external factors, such as the situation or environment, rather than internal characteristics

availability heuristic

Judging how likely a certain event is to happen based on how easily information regarding this topic is available

heuristic

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that allows us to make quick judgments and solve problems efficiently, but it can also lead to errors in thinking

sunk-cost fallacy

the tendency to continue investing resources (time, money, effort) in a failing endeavor, even when it's clear that the situation is not going to yield positive results

substance P

neurotransmitter connected to pain

meta-analysis

a statistical technique used to combine and analyze results from multiple studies on a specific topic

lesioning

the deliberate destruction of brain tissue (a lesion) to study the impact on behavior and mental processes

shaping

a method of learning where behaviors are trained by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

threshold

the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

refractory period

a short period of time immediately following a neuronal firing during which the neuron cannot fire another action potential

resting potential

the electrical state of a neuron when it is not transmitting a signal

reuptake

the process where a presynaptic neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters after they have transmitted a signal across the synapse

constructive memory

the idea that memories are not simply a passive recording of events, but rather are actively constructed or reconstructed when retrieved

eclectic treatment

an approach in psychotherapy where therapists blend techniques from various theoretical perspectives to best address a client's individual needs

Door in Face and Foot in door theory

The Foot-in-the-Door Technique

• elicits a person's concession to a large request after first securing their concession to a smaller request.

The Door-in-the-Face Technique

• elicits a person's concession to a smaller request after first eliciting a "no" in response to a larger request.

psycosoical theory of development

• erik ericson

• describes how individuals develop through stages of life, facing specific psychosocial crises that influence their sense of self and how they interact with the world

concrete operational stage

the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects, but not about abstract concepts

zone of proximal developmet

the space between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with the help of a more knowledgeable person

linear perspective

a monocular cue that describes how parallel lines appear to converge in the distance, creating the illusion of depth

figure and ground

the perceptual tendency to organize the visual field into a distinct object (the figure) that stands out from its surroundings (the ground)

monocular depth cues vs binocular depth cues

monocular cues are depth perception cues that can be perceived using only one eye, while binocular cues require the use of both eyes

perceptual concepts

a mental predisposition to perceive a particular stimulus in a specific way, often influenced by prior experiences, expectations, and context

relative deprivation

the feeling of being deprived or disadvantaged when comparing one's own possessions, status, or achievements to those of others

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits (dispositions) and underestimate the impact of situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior