AP psyc all the voacb I dont know

deep processing

A cognitive process where information is analyzed and connected to existing knowledge, leading to better retention and understanding.

accommodation process in lenses

by which the eye changes shape to focus on near or distant objects, adjusting the lens curvature.

synesthesia

neurological condition characterized by the involuntary and consistent blending of sensory experiences. This means that individuals with synesthesia perceive stimuli in one sense (e.g., sound, sight) as simultaneous experiences in another sense (e.g., taste, color).

change blindness

the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice a change in a visual stimulus, even when the change is significant

Top down vs bottom up processing

bottom-up processing

• Sensory to brain

• the brain analyzes basic features of a stimulus to create a whole

Top-down processing

• Brain to senses

• use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems

personality inventory

a self-report questionnaire designed to assess personality traits

mode

the most frequently occurring value in a data set.

gate control theory

explains how the spinal cord acts as a "gate" controlling the transmission of pain signals to the brain

place theory

how we perceive different pitches of sound based on the location of vibration on the basilar membrane within the cochlea

The absolute threshold

the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time

social trap

situation where individuals, groups, or even entire societies engage in behaviors that seem beneficial in the short term, but ultimately lead to negative or lethal consequences, making it difficult to escape once initiated

aptitude test

predicts smth abt y

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in situations or places from which escape might be difficult or help might not be available

discrimination accuracy

unfair negative behavior towards a group and its members, often based on stereotypes and prejudice

situational attribution

explaining someone's behavior by attributing it to external factors, such as the situation or environment, rather than internal characteristics

availability heuristic

Judging how likely a certain event is to happen based on how easily information regarding this topic is available

heuristic

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that allows us to make quick judgments and solve problems efficiently, but it can also lead to errors in thinking

sunk-cost fallacy

the tendency to continue investing resources (time, money, effort) in a failing endeavor, even when it's clear that the situation is not going to yield positive results

substance P

neurotransmitter connected to pain

meta-analysis

a statistical technique used to combine and analyze results from multiple studies on a specific topic

lesioning

the deliberate destruction of brain tissue (a lesion) to study the impact on behavior and mental processes

shaping

a method of learning where behaviors are trained by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

threshold

the limit of our ability to perceive sensory information

refractory period

a short period of time immediately following a neuronal firing during which the neuron cannot fire another action potential

resting potential

the electrical state of a neuron when it is not transmitting a signal

reuptake

the process where a presynaptic neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters after they have transmitted a signal across the synapse

constructive memory

the idea that memories are not simply a passive recording of events, but rather are actively constructed or reconstructed when retrieved

eclectic treatment

an approach in psychotherapy where therapists blend techniques from various theoretical perspectives to best address a client's individual needs

Door in Face and Foot in door theory

The Foot-in-the-Door Technique

• elicits a person's concession to a large request after first securing their concession to a smaller request.

The Door-in-the-Face Technique

• elicits a person's concession to a smaller request after first eliciting a "no" in response to a larger request.

psycosoical theory of development

• erik ericson

• describes how individuals develop through stages of life, facing specific psychosocial crises that influence their sense of self and how they interact with the world

concrete operational stage

the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects, but not about abstract concepts

zone of proximal developmet

the space between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with the help of a more knowledgeable person

linear perspective

a monocular cue that describes how parallel lines appear to converge in the distance, creating the illusion of depth

figure and ground

the perceptual tendency to organize the visual field into a distinct object (the figure) that stands out from its surroundings (the ground)

monocular depth cues vs binocular depth cues

monocular cues are depth perception cues that can be perceived using only one eye, while binocular cues require the use of both eyes

perceptual concepts

a mental predisposition to perceive a particular stimulus in a specific way, often influenced by prior experiences, expectations, and context

relative deprivation

the feeling of being deprived or disadvantaged when comparing one's own possessions, status, or achievements to those of others

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits (dispositions) and underestimate the impact of situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior

procative interference

when the ability to learn new information is distorted by old information that has been learned

kinesthetic

sense of body control like dancing

diathesis-stress

mental health conditions develop from a combination of a person's predisposition (diathesis) and exposure to stressful life events

drive-reuduction theory

posits that motivation stems from the need to reduce internal imbalances or "drives" caused by physiological needs, such as hunger or thirst, to restore a state of homeostasis

meso, micro, exo, macro system

Microsystem

• is the individual's immediate environment (e.g., family, school)'

Mesosystem

• is the relationship between microsystems (e.g., interactions between parents and teachers)

Exosystem

• is the indirect influences like parental workplaces

Macrosystem

• is the broader cultural and societal values

confounding variable

any factor other than the independent variable that could potentially influence the dependent variable, making it difficult to determine if the independent variable is truly causing the observed effect

social desireability effects

the tendency of individuals to respond to questions in a way that makes them appear more socially acceptable or favorable than they truly are

social destrability bias

a type of response bias that occurs when survey respondents provide answers according to society's expectations, rather than their own beliefs or experiences

operant conditioning

a type of learning where behaviors are shaped by their consequences, either through reinforcement or punishment

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally evokes a response.

Unconditioned Response

The natural, reflexive response to Unconditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the Unconditioned Stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response

learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

The initial learning phase when a new stimulus-response association is formed. 

Extinction

The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimuli is presented repeatedly without being followed by the unconditioned stimuli.

Spontaneous Recovery

The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

positive vs negative reinforcement also definition of reinforcement

Reinforcement: Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

• Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

• Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

positive vs negative Punishment also definition of Punishment

Punishment: Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

• Positive Punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

• Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

indiviusalistic thinking

a worldview that prioritizes personal goals, achievements, and independence over group or collective interests

collectivist thinking

a worldview where individuals prioritize group goals and the well-being of the collective over personal aspirations and individual needs

false consensus effect

the tendency for individuals to overestimate how many people agree with their own opinions, beliefs, and behaviors

fidelity

the degree to which a treatment or intervention is implemented as intended

integrity

a sense of wholeness, accomplishment, and satisfaction with one's life, often associated with a lack of regret and acceptance of one's life journey

anterograde amnesia

the inability to learn or retain new information

level of g

General intelligence (g) represents the idea that an individual's overall intelligence is a compilation of different specific abilities.

sensory adaptation

he process by which our brain cells become less sensitive to constant stimuli that are picked up by our senses

representtive heuristic

a mental shortcut where people make judgments about something based on how closely it resembles a prototype or stereotype in their minds

avalibality heuristic

a cognitive shortcut where people judge the likelihood of an event based on how readily examples of that event come to mind

insight leanring

sudden understanding or realization of how to solve a problem