Studied by 4 people
PH scale
________ is used to measure whether a solution is acidic or basic.
Blooms of plankton
________ are forming in the Arctic due to warmer temperatures, but species depending on arctic ice are suffering.
Hydrophilic
________: substance that has an affinity for water (has a slight charge to it)
Hydrophobic
________: substance that does not have an affinity for water (doesnt have a charge)
Temperature
________ does not depend on volume, while thermal energy does as it focus on the total kinetic energy, rather than just the average.
Cotton towel
________- made up giant cellulose molecules.
Calorie
________ (cal): the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1ºC.
Kilocalorie
________ (kcal): the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1ºC.
Solute
________: substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Ratio of ice
________ and to liquid water on earth is changing due to climate change, having different effects on wildlife.
Evaporation
________ (vaporization): transformation of a substance from liquid to gas.
why is the surface tension of water so high?
Water hydrogen bonds to itself, not the air around above, causing asymmetry, which is why surface tension is so high.
Hydration shell
________: a sphere of water molecules surrounding each ion when an ionic compound is dissolved in water.
Concentration of H+
________ and OH- are equal in pure water.
what holds atoms in water molecules together?
hydrogen bonds
enzymes
All ________ are proteins, but not all proteins are ________.
Adhesion
________: an attraction between substances.
what is the effect of adding acids or bases into a solution?
Adding acids and bases changes the concentrations of H+ and OH-
Molarity
________ (M): the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
how does the high specific heat of water help sustain life?
The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life
Amylase
________ needs neutral environment and pepsin needs an acidic environment.
why does an oxygen atom in a water molecule have a partial negative charge?
In a water molecule, the electrons of the polar covalent bonds spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen atoms
Solution
________: liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances.
Carbonic acid
________ is a good buffer of the body- helps keep body neutral.
Evaporative cooling
________: as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools.
Cohesion
________: an attraction between the same substance.
nonionic polar molecules
Water can also dissolve compounds made of ________
Why is water a polar molecule?
the overall charge of water molecules is uneven due to the difference in electronegativity of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water
Buffers
________: substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
a true homogenous solution is one that has concentrations that are…
even throughout the entire liquid.
Surface tension
________: a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid.
why does ice float in liquid water?
ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered, "making ice less dense than water - creates crystalline lattice structure
Specific heat
________: the amount of heat that is must be absorbed or lost by a substance for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC.
which atom(s) can shift from one water molecule to another?
A hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift from one to the other.
in which physical state are the hydrogen bonds in water fragile?
in the physical state
hydrogen bonds
IN PLANTS: cohesion helps with the transport of water and nutrients against gravity because as the water vapour evaporates from the leaves, ________ cause water molecules leaving the leaf veins to tug on molecules further down, and transmits an upward pull through water- conducting cells all the way to the roots.
Acid
________: substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution.
Temperature
________: the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter.
concentrations of H+
Changes in ________ and OH- can drastically affect the chemistry of a cell.
how does adhesion play a role in maintaining a flow of water that counters gravity in plants?
the adhesion of water by hydrogen bonds to cell walls helps to counter the downward pull of gravity
Why is water a versatile solvent
water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity.
adhesion
an attraction between substances
cohesion
an attraction between the same substance
how does cohesion helps with transport IN PLANTS?
cohesion helps with the transport of water and nutrients against gravity because as the water vapour evaporates from the leaves, hydrogen bonds cause water molecules leaving the leaf veins to tug on molecules further down, and transmits an upward pull through water-conducting cells all the way to the roots
surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
what property of water makes it a good heat sink?
water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
thermal energy
the kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules
temperature
the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter
heat
the transfer of thermal energy from one body of matter to another
calorie (cal)
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1ºC
kilocalorie (kcal)
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1ºC
joule (J)
another unit of energy
specific heat
the amount of heat that is must be absorbed or lost by a substance for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC
evaporation (vaporization)
transformation of a substance from liquid to gas
heat of vaporization
the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas
evaporative cooling
as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools
solution
liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances
solvent
dissolving agent of a solution
solute
substance that is dissolved in a solution
aqueous solution
solution in which water is the solvent
hydration shell
a sphere of water molecules surrounding each ion when an ionic compound is dissolved in water
hydrophilic
substance that has an affinity for water (has a slight charge to it)
hydrophobic
substance that does not have an affinity for water (doesnt have a charge)
what is an example of a hydrophilic material that does not dissolve in water
cotton towel - made up giant cellulose molecules - absorbs the water without coming apart when in contact with it
what hydrophobic molecule related to oils is a major ingredient of cell membranes
parts of the phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tail)
molecular mass
the sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule
molarity (M)
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
concentration of H+ and OH
are equal in pure water
can changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- drastically effect the chemistry of a cell?
yes, because it changes the acidity
acid
substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
base
substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (accepts H+ or forms OH-)
why is carbonic acid a good buffer of the body?
it helps keep body neutral — CO2+H2O can form carbonic acid or hydrogen carbonate (basic), these two neutralize each other
what is an example of a nonionic polar molecule that can dissolve in water?
sugar / glucose
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Flashcard (46)