European Colonization

Flashcards about European Colonization

What were the goals of the Spanish colonizers?

Sought to set up large plantations in the Caribbean, expand into the Southwest United States, and spread Catholicism to Natives.

How did the Spanish reshape colonial development?

They stopped using the encomienda system and began using enslaved Africans on plantations in the Caribbean.

What was the relationship between the Spanish and Natives?

After expanding into present-day New Mexico, Spaniards faced the Pueblo Revolt due to labor exploitation, leading to religious syncretism after their return.

What were the goals of the French/Dutch colonizers?

Sought a fur trade monopoly and participation in a mercantilist economy.

What was the colonial development of the French/Dutch?

Few large settlements, but Quebec was founded in 1608 as the first permanent settlement. The Dutch gave the Dutch West India Company control of the colony for economic and trading purposes.

What was the relationship between the French/Dutch and Natives?

Often allied with their trading partners, such as the French aligning with the Algonquians. Native American tribes often fought over hunting grounds for trade.

What were the goals of the British colonizers?

Sought new economic opportunities, freedom of religion, and to extract resources to enrich Britain. Joint-stock companies reduced risk and spread profits.

What was the colonial development of the British?

Colonies were proprietary, royal, or corporate. Early colonies struggled but eventually cultivated tobacco as a major cash crop. Some colonies attracted religious groups.

What was the relationship between the British and Natives?

Conflicts arose from colonial expansion and cultural misunderstandings, especially regarding private property rights. Metacom’s War exemplified these conflicts.

What was the Chesapeake environment like?

Marshy soil and humid climate leading to diseases.

What was the Chesapeake economy like?

Tobacco cultivation thrived. Colonies used indentured servants and some African slaves. Headright system in place.

What was the Chesapeake demographics like?

Mostly English people with a few African slaves initially, increasing after Bacon’s Rebellion.

What was the New England environment like?

Fewer disease carriers leading to healthier conditions.

What was the New England economy like?

Less large-scale agriculture and fewer enslaved Africans or indentured servants.

What was the New England culture like?

Puritan with strict religious intolerance. Characterized by egalitarianism.

What were the New England demographics like?

14,000 Puritans migrated during the Great Migration.

What was the Middle colonies environment like?

Ideal for cereal crops and timber, good location for trade.

What was the Middle colonies economy like?

Proprietary colonies with industrial workers and artisans. Mixed economy with middle-sized farms.

What was the Middle colonies culture like?

Quakerism with religious tolerance and ethnically diverse.

What was the Southern colonies economy like?

Sugar, rice, tobacco, and indigo plantations.

What was the Southern colonies labor system like?

Enslaved Africans were imported for labor-intensive sugar and rice cultivation.

What was the Southern colonies demographics like?

Colonists, enslaved Africans, and debt prisoners.

Explain the Pueblo Revolt.

Spain expanded into the Southwest, forcing conversion and using natives for labor. The Pueblo Revolt was a response to this.

Explain Bacon’s Rebellion.

Governor Berkley's inaction led indentured servants, led by Bacon, to rebel. This shifted labor towards enslaved Africans.

Explain Metacom’s War.

Cultural misunderstandings over property rights led to conflicts, resulting in English victory and execution of rebels.

What was the Enlightenment?

Movement in literature and philosophy that reasoned governments must protect basic human rights. Inspired the American Revolution.

What was the Great Awakening?

A movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling, emphasizing individual salvation and less dependence on ministers. Led to division within churches and increased nationalism.

Explain the Navigation Acts.

Aimed to control trade between Britain and its colonies. Salutary neglect occurred between the 1720s-1760s, but King George III attempted to reassert control in the 1760s.

What was the Consumer Revolution?

As colonies developed, European arts and literature gained popularity, along with the establishment of colonial colleges and a postal system.

What was the Royal African Company?

Created by Charles II, it had a monopoly on the slave trade until 1689, increasing the number of slaves transported.

Explain the Stono Rebellion.

An enslaved man named Jemmy led a rebellion, resulting in stricter slave codes.

Explain the New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741.

Fires led to interrogations and executions of enslaved people, spurring violence.

What was the economic impact of slavery?

Most were transported to Barbados. Southern and Chesapeake colonies had the most slave labor, while New England had the least. All colonies passed laws discriminating against African Americans.