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sleep
a periodic, natural, reversible and near total loss of consciousness; different from hibernation or being in a coma; supports recuperation, growth, and mental function
EEG (electrocenphalograph)
measures brain's electrical activity; brain does not "shut off" during sleep
paradoxical sleep
during sleep, brain is very active while the body is dormant and almost totally paralyzed
N-REM 1
stage of sleep with hypnogogic sensation (feels like falling)
N-REM 2
stage of sleep with sleep spindals (bursts of brainwave activity)
N-REM 3
night terrors, sleep walking (somnambulism) and talking (somniloqy); adults do not need this stage of sleep
REM
rapid eye movement; recurring sleep stage when vivid dreams occur
adrenal glands vs. pineal gland
adrenal release cortisol, "awake" hormone
pineal release melatonin, "sleep" hormone
delta vs. alpha waves
delta = dreaming
alpha = awake
oneirology
study of dreams
sleep deprivation
causes hunger, moodiness, depression, stress, etc.
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder that causes sleeper to temporarily stop breathing
circadian rhythm
the body's internal clock which lasts about a day (25 hours)
age & REM
negative correlation, the older you get the less REM sleep you need
memory consolation theory
(also called information processing theory) we sleep to file and sort information, strengthen neural connections, and store memories
evolutionary theory
humans sleep at night because it's historically best for our survival
physiological function
theory suggests that dreaming may promote neural development and preserve neural pathways by providing simulation for the brain
hypothalamus
sleep control center, suprachrasmatic nucleus controls melatonin levels
psychoanalytic theory
(Freud) our dreams have deeper subconscious meaning which conveys wish fulfillment, inner conflict, symbolic expression
activation synthesis theory
messengers firing in the brain activates storylines in our dreams
manifest content vs. latent content
manifest: obvious, superficial plot
latent: deeper, subconscious meaning
hypnosis
subject is in an altered state of contagiousness and not in control of behavior
Hilgard's hypnosis
hidden observer, induction, hypnotizability, post hypnotic suggestion, amnesia
substance use disorder
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods; acting on your brain, must past blood-brain barrier
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger doses before feeling drug;s effect
neuroadaptation
user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect
impaired control
uses more substance, or for longer, than intended; tries unsuccessfully to regulate substance use; spends much time gaining, using, or recovering from substance use; craves substance
social impairment
use disrupts obligations at work, school, or home; continues use despite social problems; use causes reduced social, recreational, or work activities
risky use
continues use despite hazards; continues use despite worsening physical/psychological problems
drug action
experiences tolerance; experiences withdrawal when trying to quit
addiction
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing and addictive drug or behavior
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
disinhibitor
slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions
alcohol use disorder
(alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use; the urges you would feel if sober are the ones you will more likely act upon when intoxicated; hangovers; slowed neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness and control, expectancy effects
barbituates
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement; tranquilizers
opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety; when repeatedly flooded with artificial opiate, brain stops producing endorphins, its own opiates (agonists)
narcotics are opiates too, prescribed for pain relief
stimulant
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, etc) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions; increase arousal, decrease appetite
caffeine is the most abused
amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy/mood changes; work on dopamine and norepinephrine (casing happy mood and more energy)
nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug found in tobacco
ecstasy (MDMA)
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen which produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons to mood and cognition
cocaine
a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria; can cause permanent damage to endorphins/dopamine levels
meth
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy/mood changes' over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels
hallucinogens
psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distorts perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
psychedelics: "mind-manifesting"
LSD
a powerfully hallucinogenic drug also known as acid; disrupts serotonin, agonist
near-death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
THC
the major active ingredient in weed, triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
