last minute study

Direct contact with infected bodily fluid

Infected bodily fluids enters the blood stream (through an open cut or the mucous membranes of a bodily opening)

gene pool

combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

allele frequency

how often each allele in a population occurs

changes to allele frequency

mutations, selection pressures, random genetic drift, natural selection

mutation

change in dna sequence that can result in altered characteristics

gene mutation

changes to a single gene so traits produced are changed o destroyed

chromosomal mutation

changes that affect all or part of a chromosome

missense

changes amino acid

nonsense

changes the amino acid to a stop codon

genetic drift

chance occurence of random changes in allele frequencies

founder effect

change in allele frequency due to migration - not representative of original population

bottleneck effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

speciation

results in inability of populations to breed and produce fertile offspring

alpha thalassaemia

effects genes on chromosome 16/reduces the formation of alpha polypeptide chains/the alpha globin of red blood cells

bactericidal

destroy bacterial pathogens by targeting cell walls, cell membranes or metabolic pathways/action of enzymes found inside bacteria

genome

complete sequence of base pairs that make up all of the DNA of an organism

bioinformatics

use of computers to describe the molecular components of living things provided by genomics. Used to store, manage and trace large amounts of information.

comparitive biochemistry

studies evolutionary relationships between species

neutral

changed amino acid but similar structure to keep protein function

silent

no change in amino acid

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed. insertion, substitution, deletion

frameshit

bases being added or removed that effects outcome of dna from that point onwards

evolution

process of change in inherited traits from one generation to the next

tay sachs disease

lipid metabolism disorder caused by recessive allele that leads to neurodegeneration. provides resistance to tuberculosis

negative feedback

response works in opposition to stimulus

receptor

detects stimulus and sends signal to modulator/control centre

Droplet transmission

when droplets containing microorganisms are sneezed/coughed into air and inhaled by another person

Contamination of food or water

Microorganisms present in unclean food or water supplies consumed/enter through digestive tract

neurotransmitters

enable an impulse (message) to cross the neuromuscular junction/synapse

beta thalassaemia

effects genes on chromosome 11/reduces the formation of beta polypeptide chains/the beta globin of red blood cells

bacteriostatic

inhibit growth of bacteria by interfering with protein synthesis

dna sequencing

process of determining the order of nucleotides in the DNA

mutagens

substances that are known to increase the rate at which mutations occur e.g. ionising radiation , mustard gas, formaldehyde

comparitave genomics

genome sequence of different species are compared

ubiquitous proteins

one of a group of proteins that appears to be in all species, from bacteria to humans, and carry out the same function no matter where they are found

mutagens specifically

can resemble proteins and be incorporated into DNA
Can trigger DNA replication errors
Can cause DNA breakages/lengthening
Can block DNA replication/damage DNA structure
Can chemically react and modify DNA Cells with damaged DNA multiply