AP Psych Module 2.3-2.7

Memory

Information that has been acquired/encoded, stored, and can be retrieved

Recall

Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

Recognition

Measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Relearning

Measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Encoding

The process of getting information in long-term memory

Storage

Process of retaining, encoded information over time

Retrieval 

The process of getting information out of long-term memory

Parallel processing

Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

Sensory Memory

Feeds working memory by recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds

Short-Term Memory

Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system

Working Memory

Understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory info and retrieve from long-term memory

Automatic processing

Retention of learn skills or associations independent of conscious recollection

Central Executive

Us deciding what we're going to think about

Phonological Loop

A working memory component that briefly holds auditory information

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A working memory component that briefly holds information about an objects appearance, and location in space

Long-Term Potentiation

Increase in neural firing while encoding -gives memories their long-term potential

Explicit Memory

Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Effortful Processing

Encoding that it requires attention and conscious effort

Implicit Memory

Retention of learn skills or associations independent of conscious recollection

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space and frequency and a familiar or well learned information such as sound smells and word meaning

Sensory Memory

Speeds working memory by recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds

Iconic Memory

Picture image that lasts few tenths of a second

Echoic Memory

Sounds and words that last up for 3 to 4 seconds

Chunking

organizing items into familiar manageable unit; often occurs automatically

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Peg word

Having one word that always goes in a rhyming order

Method of Loci

Cognitive map that will always have the same route

Spacing Effect

Tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mast study or practice.

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level, based on structure or appearance of words

Structural Encoding

Looks like…

Phonemic Encoding

Sounds like…

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yeild the best retention.

Somantic Encoding

Encoding based on the meaning of the words

Self-reference 

To remember information that is self-relevant. When it is purposefully Meaningful to our lives, we remember better.

Semantic 

Explicit memory of facts & general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Episodic

Explicit memory of memory of personally experienced events

Memory Consolidation

The neural storage of a long-term memory

Basal Ganglia

Deep brain structure involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of procedural memories for skills.

Infantile Amnesia

Conscious memory of our first four years is largely blank. much of our explicit memory is with a command of languag

Flashbulb Memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Retrieval

Stimuli that helps people access memories stored in LTM & bring conscious awareness

Prospective Memory

Intended future actions

Priming

The activation of particular associations in memory

Context-Dependent Memory

Putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something

State-Dependent Memory 

What we learn in one state maybe more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good/bad mood

Serial Postion Effect

Our tendency to recall that the last time in a list initially in the first items in a list after a delay

Autobiographical Memory

An incredibly accurate memory of life's events (often autonomic, not rehearsed)

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve information from one's past

Encoding Failure 

When information is not effectively transferred into memory, never makes it to long-term term

Retrieval Failure

When stored information can be assessed, which leads to forgetting

Forgetting Curve

Even right after encoding something, we tend to forget and then level off with the amount of information we can remember

Proactive Interference 

The forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Retroactive Interference

The backwards acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense, mechanism that vanishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Constructive Memory

Infer from our past from stored information. What we imagined expected saw and heard we reweave them.

Reconsolidation

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Misinformation Effect

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Imagination Inflation

As time goes by, adding more richer details of their false memory

Source Amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, where information was learned or imagined