IB Bio Review

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27 Terms

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Cell Theory

States that all living organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life.

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Characteristics of Life

Include growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, and organization.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Suggests mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes engulfed by larger cells.

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Membrane Structure

Composed of phospholipids, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycoproteins.

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Transport Mechanisms

Include diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

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Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Processes for transporting large molecules into and out of cells.

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Tonicity

Maintained through hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions.

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Macromolecules

Monomers are single units, while polymers are chains of monomers.

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Hydrolysis

Breaks polymers into monomers; condensation forms polymers from monomers.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts with specific active sites for substrates.

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Enzyme Inhibition

Can be competitive or non-competitive, affecting enzyme function.

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Carbohydrates

Include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Lipids

Consist of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

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Proteins

Made up of amino acids and have diverse functions.

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Nucleic Acids

Crucial for genetic information, including DNA and RNA.

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Genes

Units of heredity on chromosomes, composed of nucleotides.

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DNA Replication

Semi-conservative process involving DNA polymerases and enzymes.

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Cell Cycle

Consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis, regulated by cyclins.

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Meiosis

Leads to genetic variation through processes like crossing over and independent assortment.

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Inheritance Patterns

Include incomplete dominance and sex-linked traits affecting phenotypes.

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Natural Selection

Drives evolution, leading to adaptations like antibiotic resistance.

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Autotrophs

Produce their own food; heterotrophs rely on others.

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Evolution

Involves natural selection, adaptations, and speciation.

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Cladistics

Classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships.

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Speciation

Can occur through sympatric or allopatric mechanisms.