Osteology

Musculoskeletal Functions

Support + protection + movement

Physiological Function

Hemopoiesis + mineral and fat storage

Hemopoiesis

Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow of epiphyses and metaphyses

Mineral and Fat storage

Calcium and phosphate stored in the bone; lipids stored in the yellow bone marrow

Protein (organic)

Collagen

Mineral (inorganic)

Hydroxyapatite

Spongy/Trabecular bone

Contains red bone marrow- blood forming

Compact/Cortical bone

Dense bone, creates medullary cavity which contains yellow bone marrow

Diaphysis

Shaft

epiphyses

End, articulate part

Metaphyses

Growth plate, disappears as adult

Periosteum membrane

Lines outside surface of bone

Endosteum membrane

Lines internal cavities of bone

Elasticity

The capacity of a material to completely return to its original shape after a load has been removed

Plasticity

The threshold at which the elastic limit has been reached and at least some permanent deformation occurs

Parts of a Tooth

crown + root

Tissue in a Tooth

Enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp

Standard anatomical position

Facing forward palms facing up feet together and flexed

Sagittal Plane

Cuts body into left and right portions

Coronal Plane

Cuts body into front and back protions

Transverse Plane

Cuts body into upper and lower portions

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Towards the body, along a limb

Distal

Away from the body, along a limb

Superior

Towards the top

Inferior

Towards the bottom

Posterior

Toward the back of the body

Anterior

Towards the front of the body

Cranial

Skull

Postcranial

Everything below the skull, neck, body, limbs

Axial

Skull, vertebra, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular

Upper limbs and lower limbs (everything that moves)

Maxillary teeth

Teeth in upper jaw

Mandibular teeth

Teeth in the lower jaw

Mesial

Dentition: Along arch toward midline

Distal

Dentition: along arch away from midline

Labial

Dentition: towards external face (lip area)

Buccal

Dentition: toward external face in cheek area

Lingual

Dentition: towards tongue

Incisal

Dentition: edge of anterior teeth

Occlusal

Dentition: chewing surface of posterior teeth

Superciliary arches

Above the eyeballs, below the eyebrows - apart of frontal skull

Supraorbital margins

Upper edge of the eye socket

Glabella

In between eyebrows - apart of frontal bone

Coronal Suture

Back of the frontal bone that connects it to the rest of the bone (top of the T)

Temporal Lines

Where temple muscles attach apart of frontal bone

Mastoid process

Chunk of bone behind ear, connects to the muscle - apart of temporal

Temporal Lines

Lines that connect from the frontal to the parietal (apart of parietal lobe)

Sagittal suture

Connects the two parietal bones together - part of parietal bones

External Auditory Meatus

Bone that allows for us to hear - temporals

Zygomatic process

Connects to the cheekbone - temporals

Foramen Magnum

Large hole for vertebrae and spinal cord - occipital

Occipital condoles

Two small bones shaped like Lima beans - occipital

External occipital protuberance

Most outward part of the bone in the back of your head - occipital

Nuchal Lines

Raised areas for muscle attachment

Maxilla

Front of your face, includes where sinuses and upper jaw is, contributes to base of eyesockets

infraorbital foramen

Below or inferior to the orbits - maxilla

Zygomatics

Make up cheek bones, paired, contribute to the orbit

Temporal process

Temples

Nasals

Nose bridge

Sphenoid

Butterfly like bone- brain rests on top of bone

Mandible

Holds lower teeth

Mental eminence

Tip of the chin - mandible

Permanent teeth

2.1.2.3 adult teeth

Deciduous Teeth

Baby teeth- no premolars and only 2 molars - 2.1.2

Hyoid Bone

• Floating bone

• critical for speaking

Cervical Vertebrae

Forms the neck (7)

Have small holes on either side (nerve tunnels)

Thoracic Vertebrae

Rib articulation (12)

Have small rib facets

Lumbar Vertebrae

Forms lower back (5)

Larger and larger until u get to pelvis

Sacrum

Fused vertebrae

Articulates with the ossa coxae (hips)

Coccyx

Tailbone

Ribs

12 pairs - 24 ribs

True, false, and floating ribs

Sternum

• Manubrium (very top)

• Body (most of the length and attachment points for ribs)

• Xiphoid process (tail end of sternum)

Shoulder girdle

Made up of scapula clavicle ad humerus

Bones that attach upper limb to axil skeleton

Humerus

The head round ball on top

Connects to the elbow joint (capitulum, trochlea, and olecranon fossa)

Radius

The lateral lower arm bone (outermost)

Contributes to elbow and wrist joint

Ulna

u shaped / ice cream shaped - olecranon process

Medial forearm bone

Wrist

Distal radius + carpals + distal ulna

Carpals

Heel of the hand (8)

Meta carpals

Palm (5)

Phalanges

Fingers (each finger has 3, thumb has 2 because no intermediate)

Distal (5)

Intermediate (4)

Proximal (5)

Pelvic Girlde

Ossa coxae + sacrum + coccyx

Os coxae / Innominate

• hip bones

• Ilium + ischium + pubis

Acetabulum

• os coxae feature

• Notch for femoral head, hip joint

Pubic smphaysis

• os coxae

• Triangular shaped bone in the middle

• Age estimation methods

Femur

-thigh bone\makes up thigh joint

Femoral head

Lateral and medial condyles

Patella

Kneecap

Tibia

Shin bone

Medial lower leg bone

Medial malleolus- inside of ankle bump

Fibula

Lateral lower leg bone

Lateral malleolus-

Foot

Tarsals + Metacarpals + Foot phalanges

Ankle Joint

Ditsal fibula + distal tibia talus + calcaneus