ANATOMY-REVIEW#6 (John A. Gupton)

What are the gonads in the male called?

Testes (oval organs)

What is the temperature in the scrotum?

3 degrees lower than body temp - for sperm production

Where do the testes develop in the fetus?

in the pelvic cavity and descend into the scrotum just prior to birth

Where are the sperm produced in the testes?

seminiferous tubules

Where is testosterone secreted?

Interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules

What coiled tube stores sperm prior to their release or reabsorption?

Epididymis

What is the term for sperm production?

Spermatogenesis

What is the productions of gametes (egg & sperm) called?

Gametogenesis

What cells contain the pairs of chromosomes (23 pairs)?

Diploid

What cells contain the unpaired chromosomes (23)?

Haploid

What process involves two consecutive cell divisions (reduces the chromosome by one-half...diploid to haploid)?

Meiosis

What are the similar chromosomes that make up the pairs?

Homologous chromosomes

What chromosomes determine gender (sex)?

Sex hormones

What are the 22 pair of non-sex hormones?

Autosomes

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules of the testes

Which sperm will develop into a female?

2 X - bearing sperm

Which sperm will develop into a male?

2 Y - bearing sperm

All sperm contain?

an X or a Y chromosome

When does spermatogenesis begin?

puberty

What is the male sex hormone?

testosterone

Where is testosterone produced?

the interstitial cells in the testes

What are the functions of testosterone? (3)

1. sperm maturation

2. secondary sex characteristics

3. development of male reproductive organs

Where are the sperm stored?

epididymis

What transports sperm into the pelvic cavity?

ductus deferens

the ductus deferens combines with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form?

the ejaculatory duct

What duct transports sperm & secretions of the seminal vesicles into the urethra?

the ejaculatory duct

What is the proximal portion surrounded by the prostate gland?

Urethra (prostatic urethra) The urethra is divided into 3 areas - Prostatic, membranous, and spongy

What accessory gland secretes an alkaline yellowish secretion, semen, and provides energy and motility for sperm?

seminal vesicles

What gland secretes about 30% of seminal fluid that activates sperm motility?

prostate gland

What is the indicator of prostate tumors?

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

What pea-shaped glands produces a secretion that neutralizes acidity?

bulbourethral (Cowpers) glands

What causes erection?

a parasympathetic reflex

What is the ejection of sperm from the urethral orifice?

ejaculation

What are the female gonads?

ovaries

What is the development of the ovum (egg) called?

Oogenesis

How many functional cells are produced from each cell that begins oogenesis?

one

How many chromosomes are in the primary oocyte (diploid)?

46

How many chromosomes are in the haploid ovum after the secondary oocyte divides?

23

What are the female hormones?

Estrogen & Progesterone

Which female hormone develops and maintains the female reproductive organs?

Estrogen

Which female hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?

Progesterone

What is the lining of the uterus?

endometrium

What is the muscle layer of the uterus?

myometrium

What is the outer membrane of the uterus?

perimetrium

What is the shedding of the lining of the uterus?

menstruation

What is the rupture of the Graafian follicle that releases a mature follicle?

ovulation

The old ruptured Graafian follicle develops into the?

corpus luteum

What maintains the secretion of progesterone during the first 3 months of pregnancy?

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

1. days 1 - 5: . Menstrual - low progesterone triggers shedding the endometrium

2. days 6 - 13: Proliferative - increase estrogen regenerates the functionalis

3. days 15 - 28: Secretory - corpus luteum secretes progesterone thickening the endometrium

What is the shedding of the functionalis (endometrium) called?

Menses

What causes the regeneration of the functionalis layer of the endometrium?

estrogen

What causes the thickening of the endometrium?

progesterone

What is the cessation of menstruation called?

menopause

What is the site of fertilization?

oviducts (fallopian tubes)

What is the collective term for the female external genitalia?

Vulva

What is the pad of fatty tissue over the pubic symphysis?

Mons pubis

What are the large folds of the vulva?

Labia majora

What are the thin folds of the vulva?

Labia minora

What is the erectile tissue in the vulva?

Clitoris

What is the membrane border of the vaginal orifice?

Hymen

What are the 15 - 20 divisions of glandular tissue within the mammary glands?

Lobes

What cells secrete milk in the mammary glands?

Alveoli

What transports milk to the surface?

Lactiferous ducts - (one duct per lobe)

What is penetrated by the sperm during fertilization?

secondary oocyte

What is the release of the secondary oocyte?

ovulation (capable of fertilization for 24 hours)

What is the diploid cell that results from fertilization?

zygote

At what stage does the zygote implant in the endometrium lining?

blastocyst

What is the outer layer of the embryo - forms skin and nervous system?

Ectoderm

What layer of the embryo forms muscles, bones, and connective tissues?

Mesoderm (middle layer)

What layer of the embryo forms the digestive and respiratory tracts?

Endoderm (inner layer)

What is the clear membrane that forms the bag of waters?

Amnion

What is the area that contains the blood vessels and is the site of all exchanges between mother and fetus?

placenta

What keeps the umbilical cord straight?

Wharton's jelly

What causes birth defects?

teratogens (first 3 months most critical)

What is the human gestation period?

280 days (40 weeks)

What is the term for childbirth?

parturition

What type of twins are formed from 2 separate zygotes, have different placentas, and may the same or different genders?

Fraternal (dizygotic)

What type of twins is formed from one cell that separates, develops in the same chorion, and have the same gender?

Identical (monozygotic)