History of Pharmacy

Apothecary Era (~2600 B.C. - 1700 A.D)

• Healing based on herbs, minerals, and natural remedies

• Knowledge passed through apprenticeship or family tradition

• 8th century AD: Apothecary shops emerged

• 1240 AD: King Frederick II formalized separation of pharmacy from medicine

• 17th century colonial America: local plants + Native American remedies (e.g., quinine from cinchona bark)

• No standardized requirements for education, pharmacopeia, or regulation

United States Pharmacopeia

• developed list of medicinal drugs with their effects and directions for their use.

• designed to bring uniformity, promote safety and quality control.

First College of Pharmacy (1821)

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, second was mass college of pharm, Howard university college of pharmacy first to admit black students

Mother of Pharmacy

• Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf

• first female apothecary in 13 colonies

• opened apothecary shop in Boston 1727

Timeline and Milestones

Evolution of Pharmacy Practice

• Mills report - recommended a 6-year PharmD Pharmaceutical Care

• OBRA 1990- Drug Utilization Review (DUR), patient counseling, maintaining records, and patient centered medical home concept expands to include pharmacists

Growth of clinical pharmacy

• decline of pharmacology in medical schools

• growth of physiology and therapeutics education in pharmacy schools

• development of pharmacists’ patient care process vision

Evolution of Pharmacist Role

• Diagnostician, preparer of medication and spiritual healer

• Preparer of medication

• drug development

• dispenser of medication

• evaluator of how drugs work

• patient educator

Which publication was first established in 1820 to bring uniformity to medical preparations?

United States pharmacopeia

Who is recognized as Americas first Apothecary General during the revolutionary war?

Andrew Craigie

What was the primary method of pharmacy training before formal schools became common?

Apprenticeship

Which institution opened in 1821 as the first school of pharmacy in the U.S. ?

Philadelphia college of pharmacy

Who is often referred to as the mother of pharmacy?

Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf

Which report in 1975 recommended the six-year Doctor of Pharmacy degree?

Mills report

OBRA 1990 significantly expanded pharmacists responsibilities in which area?

Patient counseling and DUR (drug utilization review)

Dr.Albert Prescott is know for which contribution to pharmacy education?

Replacing apprenticeship with formal curricula

What characterized the Era of count and Pour?

Loss of counseling and direct patient interaction

According to the lecture, the future pharmacist will most likely continue evolving towards:

Expanded patient-centered care and medication management