interwar

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Union Soviet Socialist Republics

Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

(USSR)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

Romanov's

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Peasants were allowed to own land and small businesses (allowed for some capitalism)

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Command Economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

Soviets

A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Purge

(v.) to wash away impurities, clean up; (n.) the process of getting rid of something or someone decisively

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Authoritarianism

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Gulag Organization

in the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Francesco Madero

Mexican rebellion leader who overthrew Diaz and became president in 1911. Largely opposed to US business, he was assassinated in 1913 by rebel factions supported by the United States.

Fransisco Pancho Villa

A fierce nationalist who opposed the provisional government formed by Carranza. Villa and his followers killed Americans and raided Columbus, New Mexico. In retailiation, the US sent troops into Mexico and stationed troops along the border.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Victoriano Huerta

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry

Venustiano Carranza

He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President Huerta. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.

Alvaro Obregon

Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.

Ten Tragic Days

Bloody overthrow of Francisco Madero in 1913 by Victoriano Huerta and supported by the US

Conventionists

Led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, those who recognized the authority of the Convention of Aguascalientes (as opposed to the Constitutionalists).

Constitutionalists

Group that wanted a proper constitution for Mexico. (mostly urban) --ultimately claim victory 1917

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.

Chiang Kai Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

The Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Red Guards

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular

Republic of Turkey

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Amritsar Massacre

killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Acts

Salt March

passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Negritude Movement

a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values

W.E.B DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation.

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Protectionism

Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Welfare State

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

John Maynard Keyes

His ideas about the causes of unemployment revolutionized the macroeconomic theory and profoundly altered the government's involvement in the economy

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Il Duce

"the leader," Mussolini's nickname

"Blackshirts"

Mussolini's "gang" used to control Italy

Fransisco Franco

Leader of France, conservative general, lead the Spanish civil war, turns into fascist dictator

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Basque Region

in the western Pyrenees, and part of the territory belongs to Spain and part to France

Kideki Tojo

japanese leader, strained us relations

Emperor Hirohito

emperor of Japan during WWII. his people viewed him as a god

Rape of Nanking

infamous genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians

National Socialist Party

(Nazi Party) was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945.

Gestapo

German secret police

Third Reich Propaganda

-Led by Joseph Goebbles

-Used Media to spread idea

-Hitler says to tell big lies because they'll believe them

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Eduard Daladier

French leader of radical socialists, accepted Hitler's peace terms

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.