Unit 1 OB: Women's Reproduction

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstrual flow

PMS

Hormone imbalance

Chlamydia Trachomatis

This is described as the most common and fastest-spreading STI, often difficult to diagnose because it can be silent and highly destructive

S/S

Postcoital bleeding

Gray/white discharge

Vulvar itching

Antibiotics; Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone IM are used for management

Oligomenorrhea

Infrequent or decreased menstraul period

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation

Prostaglandins

Hormone-like substances that can cause pain and cramping.

PMDD (Premenstrual dysphoric disorder)

Severe form of PMS

Metrorrhagia

Unexpected breakthrough bleeding between menstrual cycles.

Menorrhagia

Excessive vaginal bleeding during menstrual cycle

Cause: Von willebrand disease

malignancies

Treatments: Tranexamic acid, iron supplements, contraceptives

Anovulation

Absence of ovulation

Menopause

Complete cessation of menses for 1 year.

Perimenopause

Transitional period preceding menopause

Climacteric

Transitional period from reproductive years to menopause.

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone mass and increased risk of fractures.

5 Ps

Framework used to obtain pts sexual hx (Partners, practices, protection from STIs, previous Hx, pregangy intention)

Dyspareunia

Painful sexual intercourse

Salpingo-oophorectomy

Surgical removal of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries

Rectocelce

Prolapse of the rectum into the vagina

Cystocele

Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina

Nulliparity

Never having given BIRTH to child

Hyperandrogenism

Excess levels of male hormones (androgens)

PCOS (Polycystic ovarian syndrome)

Endocrine disorder; hormone imbalance and chronic anovulation.

Uterine prolapse

Displacement of the uterus downward into the vagina.

Pelvic relaxation syndrome

Weakening of the structures of the pelvis, leading to conditions like prolapse.

TORCH infections

Organisms capable of crossing the placenta and causing teratogenic effects on the fetus. (Toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex)

Condylomata acuminata

Genital warts, caused by HPV.

Menses

menstrual bleeding

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

Describe the key events occurring during the secretory phase of the reproductive cycle

Progesterone is secreted, endometrium thickens in response to estrogen and progesterone, preparing the uterus for a fertilized ovum (egg).

What are the four criteria used to define abnormal uterine bleeding?

Frequency, regularity, duration, volume

Explain the differeince between primary and secondary AMENORRHEA

Primary amenorrhea is when onset of menses is DELAYED. Secondary amenorrhea is when menstruation STOPS after regular menarche(Specifically for 3 cycles or 6 months)

**What is Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and how is it different from PMS?

PMDD is severe form of PMS, often involving unexpected response of serotonin to estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, resulting in more severe psychological and physical manifestation

Identify 2 common causes of metrorrhagia

Fibroids and Polyps

What is climacteric, and what ae the stage it encompasses?

Climacteric is the period moving from the reproductive stage through the stages of menopause. It encompasses perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopausal.

Name the causative agent for gonorrhea and briefly describe one expected finding

Neisseria gonnorhoeae; Purulent discharge or yellowish-green vaginal discharge.

What is the cardinal sign of uterine cancer?

Abnormal uterine bleeding

What are the different phases of the reproductive cycle?

Menstrual (Lining sloughs)

Proliferative (Egg matures, endometrium thickens)

Ovulation (14 days prior to menses, PREGANCY)

Secretory (Progesterone, endometrium thickens)

Risk factors for Primary Amenorrhea

Turner syndrome

PCOS

Anorexia

Genetics/anatomical

Risk factors for secondary Amenorrhea

Obesity, breastfeeding, menopause

Primary dysmenorrhea

6 months after menses onset

Symptoms: Insomnia, backache, HA, pelvic cramping

Secondary dysmenorrhea

Later in life (>25 yrs)

Associated w/ pelvic pathology (tumors, fibroids, endometriosis)

Symptoms: Nauseas, dizziness, dull abdominal pain

Management for dysmenorrhea

Pelvic exam, Laparoscopy, NSAIDS, oral contraceptives, aromatherapy, herbal supplements

PMS & PMDD medications

Diuretics (Spironolactone for fluid retention)

Prostaglandin inhibitor (ibuprofen)

OCPS (Decrease severe manifestations)

SSRIs (Fluoxetine)

Post menopause

Time after menopause

Complications of menopause

Stroke

Osteoporosis

Venous thrombosis

Embolism

Osteoporosis medications

Estrogen HT

Bisphosphonates

Raloxifene

Parathyroid hormone

Trichomoniasis

Caused by trichomonas vaginalis, transmitted through genital-to-genital contact.

S/S:

Males: itching, pain with ejaculation

Females: frothy vaginal discharge, CERVICAL STRAWBERRY SPOTS

Medication: Single dose or 7-day course of metronidazole or single dose of Tinidazole.

Primary Syphilis

Painless papular lesion

Secondary Syphilis

Maculopapular rash on the palmar surface of the hands and soles of the feet.

Tertiary Syphilis

Internal organ damage

Treatment for syphilis

Penicillin G, administered as single intramuscular (IM) dose

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infectious process involving fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries. Causes by gonorrhea and Chlamydia

Abstinence

Practice of refraining from ALL sexual intercourse

Basal body temperature

Body temperature at rest, slightly elevates during ovulation due to progesterone.

Birth control

Any device or practice that decrease the risk of conceiving.

Cervical cap

Silicone rubber cap fits tightly around the cervix, acting as physical barrier against sperm.

Cervical mucus ovulation detection method

Fertility awareness method that analyzes changes in cervical mucus to determine OVULATION.

Coitus interruptus

Withdrawal of the penis from vagina prior to ejaculation; pull out method.

Combined oral contraceptives

Birth control pills suppress ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and prevent implantation

Contraception

Devices used to reduce pregnancy

Cullen's sign

Blue discoloration around the umbilicus, manifestation of hematoperitoneum seen in ectopic pregnancy rupture.

Donor embryo

Assisted reproductive where donated embryo is placed in recipients hormonally prepared uterus.

Ectopic pregnancy

Pregnancy which ovum implants outside the uterus (risk of rupture)

Family planning

Conscious decision-making process regarding when to prevent pregnancy until desired time

Gestational carrier (Embryo host)

Woman carries a pregnancy for ANOTHER COUPLE after the couples Embryo is placed in her uterus.

Hematoperitoneum

Presence of blood in peritoneal cavity

Hysteroscopy

Radiographic procedure to examine the uterus for defects, distortion, or scar tissue that might impair impair impregnation.

Injectable progestins (Medroxyprogesterone)

Hormonal contraceptive administered IM or SQ injection q 11-13 weeks, inhibiting ovulation.