BIOL 2141 ECU Practical 1

Axial Skeleton

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below

Ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Dorsal (posterior)

toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Fissure

a groove or cleft

Sulcus

a furrow-not as deep as a fissure

Foramen

a hole or opening

Meatus

an opening or foramen, especially in a bone or bony structure; canal-like passageway

Condyle

the smooth surface area at the end of a bone, forming part of a joint; rounded articular projection

Suture

the line of junction between two bones, especially of the skull

Ramus

a branch, as of a plant, vein or bone; armlike bar of bone

Fossa

a pit, cavity, or depression in a bone; shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Tubercle

a small rounded projection on a bone

Process

a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage

Mastoid

resembling a breast or nipple

Sagittal

a vertical plane dividing the body into left and right halves

Frontal

a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse (cross section)

a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Projections (processes)

serves as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints

Depressions (cavities, indentations, or openings)

conduits for nerve and blood vessels

Tuberosity

large rounded projection; may be roughened

Crest

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Trochanter

very large, irregularly shaped process (ONLY on the femur)

Line

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Epicondyle

raised area on or above a condyle

Spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Process

any bony prominence

Head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Sinus

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucus membrane

Groove

Furrow

Acromial

point of shoulder

Cervical

neck

Nasal

nose

Oral

mouth

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

Sternal

breastbone

Axillary

armpit

Thoracic

chest

Mammary

breast

Abdominal

abdomen

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm

Pollex

thumb

Digital

fingers/toes

Umbilical

navel

Pelvic

pelvis

Coxal

hip

Inguinal

groin

Pubic

genital region

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

anterior knee

Crural

leg

Fibular/peroneal

side of leg

Tarsal

ankle

Pedal

foot

Hallux

great toe

Cephalic

head

Otic

ear

Occipital

back of head or base of skull

Vertebral

spinal column

Scapular

shoulder blade

Dorsum/dorsal

back

Olecranal

back of elbow

Lumbar

loin

Sacral

between hips

Manus

hand

Gluteal

buttocks

Perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

Popliteal

back of the knee

Sural

calf

Calcaneal

heel

Plantar

sole