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What are molecular clouds?
Large “dense” clouds, gas, and dust (Mostly hydrogen)
What Experiences “Self-gravity?”
A molecular cloud (all parts of the cloud gravitationally pulls to each other)
Gravity versus (creating) ____+____
Pressure + temperature
What is a protostar?
A star that is still in the process of forming
What raises the temperature of the star or core?
Collisions of objects
Hotter things glow what color?
Blue (Higher energy)
Cooler things glow what color?
Red (Lower energy)
Which color star would be the hottest?
Rigel
What do protostars emit?
Little wish le light and a lot of infrared light, due to their cool temps
What is accretion?
Gradual growth via gravity
What radiates (or glows0 away to keep the balance between pressure and gravity?
Energy
The star’s core temperature and density will increase until nuclear fusion and hydrogen turn into what?
Helium (H to He)
What planet is a failed star?
Jupiter
As a protostar collapses, it’s density ___ and the temperature ___, so the luminosity ___.
Increases, Increases, Increases, Increases
Young stars are surrounded by rotating disks of gas and dust, called ___.
Accretion disk
What is angular momentum?
Angular momentum is a quantity of rotational motion an object has
What is linear momentum?
An object’s mass times its velocity. measures the amount of motion in a straight line
The 4 inner planets (Mercury, Venus, earth, and Mars) are ___ planets
Terrestrial (Land) or “Rocky”
The 4 outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are ____ planets
Gaseous “Jovian planets” or “gas Giants”
Which of the following statements is false?
All the planetesimals in our solar system have become planets
What does NEO stand for?
Near Earth Objects
What are examples of planetesimals?
All of the above
Extrasolar planets orbits __ other than our sun
Stars
What are the main methods to find exoplanets?
All of the above
What are gaps between stars called?
Interstellar
What is direct imaging?
Directly viewing a faint planet in the bright glow of its star (blocks some glow from sun) - similar to partial eclipse
What is the Doppler effect?
The motion of a light source towards or away from viewer/user
(Doppler Effect) The motion away is ____
Redshift
(Doppler Effect) The motion towards in ___
Blue shift
The smaller the wavelength the higher the ___
Frequency and Energy
What is a capital T?
A theory with a lot of evidence
Low-mass planets cannot hold on to their primary atmospheres due to their ___.
Low-gravity
Some Low-mass planets later emit gases from their interiors (via___)
Volcanoes or collect gas form comets- producing a secondary atmosphere
What is the radial velocity method?
Some stars have periodic velocity fluctuations caused by orbiting planets, and this motion is detected by Doppler shifts.
If stars spectrum is redshifted, than all the following are true except:
Star appears red
What is the transit method?
A planet passing in front of a star causes the total brightness of the star to decrease
Bigger the dip the ___ on a transit method graph
Bigger planet
Many other solar systems have ____ planets close to the star.
“Hot Jupiters”
What kind of exoplanet is easiest to detect by any of the 3 methods?
Large
Tilt of Venus if almost 180 degrees this explains what?
Why Venus spins backwards or inverse of other planets
Regions A and B of a terrestrial world are the same size. Region A has 20 impact craters and region B has 5. Which region is likely to be "older"?
Region A
What are craters?
Scars on planets’ surfaces left by impacts of large objects: asteroids and comets
When were most craters formed?
At the end of the accretion phase _the 1st billion years of the solar system)
More craters on a planets surface means that _____
The planet is older
What is radiometric dating?
Determines the age form the time the rocks were molten
What is the giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the moon?
Moon formed in a large collision between Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet Martial ejected form the collision
What is “Maria”?
Dark regions on the moon
If an object is large enough to feel different gravitational pulls on opposing sides, it experiences ___
Tidal stress (Waves)
Seismic Waves are tested similarly to ___
Ultrasounds
Do tides also affect the SOILD part of earth?
True
What is differentiation?
Occurred and produced the different layers of Earth - dense materials sank, low density materials rose.
Which of the following layers of earth’s interior should be the hottest?
Inner Core
Which of the following layers of Earth’s interior in composed of Liquid Metal?
Outer core
Earth’s magnetic field is actually due to electric currents flowing in its conduction ___ as it rotates
Outer core
What are the only terrestrial planets with a global magnetic field?
Earth and Mercury
Which planet has no magnetic field?
Venus
Which of the following layers of the earth’s interior should be the least dense?
Crust
____ is the deformation of earths” crust, which is broken into jigsaw-like plates
Tectonism
Plate tectonics describes what?
The movement of plates (aka continental drift)
Earth has how many major plates?
7
Crustal plates are moves to be ____
Convection
Most ____ and ___ occur along plate boundaries.
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Mars shows evidence of extensive ___ and has the biggest chasm: ___
Tectonsim and Valles Marineris
what should be true about Earth’s Internal heat?
B) It would have been greater long ago when Earth was young D) It has Radioactivity and tidal stress contributing to it
What raises the rocks temperature to the melting point with volcanoes?
Friction
Very Fluid lava creates ___
Shield Volcanoes (Hawaii Volcanoes)
Viscous or Thick Lava create ____
Composite Volcanoes (Mt. Fuji) - Looks like a pyramid
Which is Erosion?
The wearing down of a world’s surface due to mechanical action
What is the main sources of Erosion on Earth?
Wind and Water
What are some types of Erosion?
1) Wind and Water, 2) Impact Cratering - Volcanoes and tectonics plates
Without erosion, ancient features are ____
Retained
In there evidence that Mars has water?
Yes - the stream line erosion and ice pockets
The Moon and Earth are approximately the same distance from the Sun. Why does the Moon lack an atmosphere?
The Moon has weal gravity
What is considered a primary atmosphere?
includes Hydrogen and Helium (very light)
Due to ________ and _____ every terrestrial world lost its primary atmosphere they could NOT hold on to their gases
Low surface gravity (and high gas speeds)
Secondary atmospheres were acquired later due to
All of the above
Which planets basically have NO atmosphere?
Mercury and the Moon
Which planet has more volcanoes then earth?
Venus
What is the current composition of Earth mostly made form?
What is the current composition of Mars and Venus mostly made from?
Almost ALL Carson Dioxide
Mars has a much lower gravity than either Earth or Venus, Because ____
Mars in much less massive (so mass related)
Which of the following is a valid reason to build a ground-based telescope at high altitudes, like on top of a mountain?
Get above water vapor, clouds, and thick air
What decreases with altitude in the sky?
Temperature and Pressure
What is layer one of the earth’s atmosphere?
Troposphere
What is layer two of earth’s atmosphere?
Stratosphere
What is layer three of earth’s atmosphere?
Mesosphere
What is layer four of earth’s atmosphere
Thermosphere
Which larger of earths atmosphere contains the Ozone layer and eventually heats this layer up?
Stratosphere
What does the Ozone layer do?
Protects earth’s surface by absorbing UV rays
Which layer of earth’s atmosphere contains the coldest part of the atmosphere?
Mesosphere
What two things protect earth from solar wind?
The thermosphere and magnetosphere
Clouds and weather occur in which layer of the earth’s atmosphere?
Troposphere
Where does most solar wind hit the earth?
The poles
How are auroras formed?
After the magnetosphere traps charged solar wind particles, the particles collide and heat the atmosphere, causing the fluorescent glow.
What is the Hadley Circulation?
Pattern of air movement: equator to poles (vertical air convection)
What is the Coriolis effect?
The way earth’s rotation makes winds curve
What gases absorb infrared radiation, preventing the planet from cooling?
All of the Above
Why in Mars so cold compared to Venus if both of their atmospheres are made mostly of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas?
All of the above
This ____ is the increase in a planet’s equilibrium to a higher temperature than if there were no atmosphere
Greenhouse effect
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