Henry I, Anselm, and the investiture controversy

Define lay investiture

The symbolic act of a king giving the rings and staff, the emblems of the office, to a new bishop to confirm his appointment

The issue of England's exiled archbishop now became a problem for who?

Henry I

What did Henry do in 1100?

Invite Anselm to return

What did the archbishop bring with him to England?

The latest ideas from Rome focusing on freeing the Church from secular control

What happened at the papal councils of Clermont and Bari in 1098 and Rome in 1099?

Lay investiture had been condemned as it implied a bishop was dependent for his power on his lay lord, rather than the power stemming from the church

What similarly was unacceptable?

The performance of homage by church,en to a layman

What did Anselm announce after greeting Henry in September 1100?

He was unable to perform submission

What did Anselm warn Henry?

That if he attempted to invest new bishops himself they would not be recognised

What was Anselm's warning a direct attack on?

The monarchy's traditional rights over the church as William I had maintained the powers of lay investiture and homage

Why was it also a strategic problem?

Bishops were tenants in chief and homage was a symbolic way of confirming this feudal relationship

What did Henry need so didn't want the dispute to end badly?

A united church behind him and the reputation as a god-fearing leader

What was Henry aware that could happen to the exiled archbishop?

He could be exploited by the Duke Robert of Normandy

Who did Anselm have a sense of duty to?

The English people as their moral guardian

What does Anselm's return to England show?

He believed that Henry was a monarch that he could od business with

How was the matter of investiture and homage temporarily put to the side?

By referring it to Rome in hopes that Pope Paschal II would soften his stance

How did Anselm provide a good service to his king?

By presiding over his marriage with Matilda, also crowning her queen

How did Anselm react to Duke Robert of Normandy landing in England at the head of an army in summer 1101?

He played a leading role in persuading many wavering magnates to remain loyal

What was the Pope's response in September 1101?

He urged the king to give up the practice of lay investiture but made no reference to homage

What happened in Easter 1102?

A further mission was sent to Rome that brought no new solution

What happened in autumn 1102?

Anselm was permitted to hold a reforming council where he condemned clerical marriage and simony

Henry was in favour of church reform as long as what?

It did not impinge on his own powers

What happened as Henry's power and support from nobles in England grew?

he felt able to exert increasing power on Anselm to pay him homage and accept lay investiture

What happened in Easter 1103?

Anselm went into self-imposed exile

Why did Anselm's departure increase the magnitude of the dispute?

It brought greater intervention from the pope

What did pope Paschal do in December 1104?

Sent Henry a letter wishing him good but warned him that those who do not hold the grace of Christ may feel Christ's sword instead

What happened to the king's chief advisor, Robert of Meulan?

He was excommunicated for his role in urging Henry to continue lay investiture

What did Henry do in order to save his soul?

Careful negotiations, a person reconciliation between Henry and Anselm in 1106, and a settlement approved by the pope

What did Henry agree to?

Give up lay investiture but he retained the right to receive homage

Where and when was Henry's compromise officially sanctioned?

At a church council in London in August 1107 after Anselm's return

Why was Henry's agreement not seen as a surrender on his part?

His leading churchmen still had to profess obedience and perform their feudal obligations and his influence over appointments was also undiminished

Who did Henry appoint as bishops?

William Warelwarst (Exeter) and Henry of Blois (Winchester)