Bio 2: Unit 6 Plants

Examples of plant products activity

• Food- agriculture: corn 

• Textiles- cloth and clothing: cotton

• Fuel- burning of plant products: sugarcane

• Building- Structural components of homes: wood

• Medicine- Almost all are from a plant or plant derivative: Aloe

Where do plants absorb nuutrients

Roots

Absorb nutrients in the form of salts that dissolve

Sequestered nutrients are unusable by other organisms

What happens during over-fertilization?

Agriculture depends on fertilization

• creates dead zones 

• Extra nutrients wash in the waterways

• Needed to produce enough food for everyone

What can happen with excess nutrients in the water? Essay for Medi Park Lake

creates red tides and blue algae because there are a lot of N and P, so protists reproduce a lot(bloom), but then they eat all of their food (carrying compasity), they start to die and sink to the bottom. They can’t make sugar. We like sugar for cellular respiration, but they are using all of the oxygen for photosynthesis. 

What is eutrophication?

No oxygen in the water 

Nutrient cycle

the changing of nutrients from a sequestered state to a usable state.

Examples- nitrogen and phosphorus cycle

Plants work

bacteria- nitrogen & phosphorus
fungi - Calcium and phosphorus

Nitrogen fixation

bacteria fix nitrogen into a usable form

• Form nodules on Legume plants

• Rhizobium

What are some examples of Legumes?

• anything that makes a pod

Do you remember what a mycorrhiza is?

Gathering water and nutrients for the plants because the roots cannot reach

Carnivorous Plants

 eat other organisms for nutrients

• Live in bogs with poor soil

Deficient in nitrogen and other nutrients

Capture and digest other organisms

• Buggs, spiders, and small animals

• venus flytrap, pitcher plants, sundews

Non-vascular plants

• Did these plants live near water?  Why? moss-Yes, because they do not have a way to move the nutrients around, they use diffusion. So they can reproduce

• How did they reproduce? In the water, sexual and asexual with swimming gametes (spores)

• What are some examples and are they still found today? Green algae 

• What special characteristics did they develop? To move to the land, they needed a way to move nutrients. Develop a vascular system with the help of fungi (Mycorrhiza) for the roots

Seedless vascular plants

• no roots

• Did these plants live near water?  Why? Yes, for reproduction in the water

• How did they reproduce? Swimming sperm in water

• What special characteristics did they develop? Had to protect the sperm and eggs from drying out - seed. Now we can move from water

• Examples: ferns 

Nonflowering Seeded Vascular Plants - Gymnosperms

• Did not live near the water 

• sperm moved into a seed (pollen). They need wind to move the sperm to the egg 

• What special characteristics did they develop? We need something to carry the pollen, like bugs, so they need flowers

• Examples: Pine Cones 

Flowering-seeded vascular plants - Angiosperms

• No, they did not live near the water, but it created a mutualistic relationship between plants and bugs.

• Pollen (reproduces) and Nectar (sugar)

• Examples: Flowers

What are the basic parts of a plant? Root

below ground, system of vessels for absorbing water and nutrients

What are the basic parts of a plant? Shoot

Above-ground structure, includes stems and leaves

What are the basic parts of a plant? Stem

serves as the framework to hold the leaves

What are the basic parts of a plant? Leaves

site of photosynthesis

What are the basic parts of a plant? Flowers

reproductive part

Do plants have a vascular system? (veins)

Vascular tissues specialized cells for the movement of water and nutrients

Xylem

conducts water and minerals from the roots upward to the rest of the plant

Phloem

• Conducts carbohydrates throughout the plant- larger and can move all over

Monocots

• Seed leaves/ coyleodlons- one

• Vascular system- long narrow leaf parallel veins

• Vascular tissue- vascular bundles scattered

• Flower parts- flower part in multiples of 3

Dicots

• Seed leaves/ coyleodlons- Two 

• Vascular system- broad leaf networks of veins

• Vascular tissue- vascular bundles in a ring

• Flower parts- flower part in multiples of 4 or 5

What part of the plant is the main photosynthetic part?

Leaves- light-capturing organs of most plants

Vascular runs through the leaves

Inside of a leaf— cuticle

waxy outer layer

• Why would plants have this layer?

-water retention, wax is hydrophobic 

-skin outside is dead skin with waxy protein

Inside of a leaf—epidermis

Most outside layer of cells underneath and on top

• Why do we have an epidermis?- skin 

protection from pathogens

Inside of a leaf—mesophyll

elow the epidermis

• Photosynthesis-> light into sugar 

• What chemical would these cells have to capture light? chloroplast

• coulner and sponge

Inside of a leaf—epidermis

stomata 

breathing - nose and mouth 

CO2 coming into the plant 

Oxygen and water leaving plant

How does water move through the plant?

Transpiration

Transpiration

movement of water from the roots to the stem

• Uptake nutrients as ions

• Water used in photosynthesis

Works by cohesion

Cohesion

• water's ability to stick to itself - exists through stomata 

  • has one leaves it makes room for the next one 

  • carries NO4, P, K

Turgor pressure

holds plants upright

• Low water causes wilting

• Breaking the chain, stomata closed and won't open again

Perennial Plants

• comes back each year 

• When it gets cold, the top part dies 

• move sugars to the roots for storage so it stays alive 

• stem dies 

• The warmth of the soil tells it to grow again

Annual Plants

have to be planted each year 

If they seed the seeds, they will grow next season

How do seeded plants reproduce?

Seeded plants reproduce sexually

Some plants are bisexual- have both sex organs.

• Pollen- sperm of the plant

• Ovum- egg of the plant

Fertilized ovum becomes a seed

How can the pollen get to the ovum?

• bugs 

• wind 

What are the two kinds of seeded plants?

• gymnosperm 

• angiosperm

What is the difference between the two?

flowers

How did plants begin to reproduce out of the water- Gymnosperms

Conifer trees- form two types of cones

• seed cones- contain the female ovum

• pollen cones- contain the pollen 

Reproduction

• Wind transfers pollen to seed cones

Fertilized seeds are wind-dispersed

How did plants begin to reproduce out of the water- Angiosperms

Most recently evolved plants

• Do not need water or wind

Incorporate the help of pollinators

• Take pollen directly to other plants

• insects and animals 

What attracts insects and animals to be pollinators?

• nectar and the sweet smell

What are the parts of a flower? Anther 

Part of the stamen that produces pollen

What are the parts of a flower? filament

attaches to the anther

What are the parts of a flower? pistil

 Female reproductive part of the plant

What are the parts of a flower? stigma

Sticky part of the pisti

What are the parts of a flower? Ovary

base of the pistil containing the ovules

What are the parts of a flower? Ovule

egg that develops into a seed

What are the parts of a flower? style

tube that leads to stigma

What are the parts of a flower? Stamen 

pollen-producing part of the plant (male)

What are the parts of a seed?

• Seeds have 3 parts

1. seed coat—protective covering

2. endosperm—source of nutrients

3. embryo—baby plant

We eat seeds for the endosperm

• Nutrients and starch, with water, it turn into sugar

• last until they reach the soil line

How do plants grow?

Plants grow at the tips- apical meristem

• Tips of roots and stems

primary growth

growth in length (roots or stems)

• Makes plants taller

• in length through stem cells

secondary growth

cells divide around the periphery

Increase in diameter

Results in rings in woody stems

thicker - dicot 

Norman Borllaug

plant biologist*

• Worked with wheat (Triticum aestivum), and rice (Oryza sativa)

• Method of adapting crops to many different climates

• Increasing disease resistance

• spent life feeding people because he believed that he could make world peace if everyone had a full stomach 

• he took crops and grew them in different places and if they did well he took their seed and planted them somewhere else and again and again. 

• Artificial selection 

• still use this method of growing stuff

Staple Crops

providing nourishment to billions of people

• Wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, and rye

• he took crops and grew them in different places and if they did well he took their seed and planted them somewhere else and again and again

Pests

Any organism that competes with humans

include insects, microbes, other plants/animals

The biggest threat to agriculture

Biological control

use of natural enemies

using their predators against them

Cultural control

management types

the way you take care of your crops

Mechanical control

pulling weeds, squashing bugs

Going in there yourself to try to fix the problem

Chemical control

use of pesticides

insecticides

Kill insects

Herbicides

Kill Plants

Fungicides

Kill Fungi

Genetically Modified Organism (Plant)

targeted changes to the plant genome to give the desired trait

• Disease resistance, longer shelf life

• E.g. soybeans, corn, potatoes

Bt Corn

Example of GMO

for cattle

• Reduces the use of pesticides

Not harmful to humans

What bacteria did the genes come from? Bt Corn

• protein 

• pathogen for caterpillar 

• Corn has the gene to kill caterpillars when they try to eat the corn, but it will only hurt them because no one else has the receptors for it