Cell Organelles and Their Functions + Macromolecules

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

selectively permeable membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer that acts as a cell's barrier to the environment

cytoplasm

everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus

nucleus

membrane bound organelle that contains DNA and therefore controls the cell's activity

cytosol

the liquid portion of the cytoplasm, not including the organelles

prokaryote

cell that do not contain a nucleus

eukaryote

cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

nucleolus

dense area in the nucleus that has ribosomal RNA and makes ribosomes

mitochondrion

organelle which contains its own DNA and breaks down organic molecules into ATP (energy change machine)

ribosomes

small spherical organelles that assemble proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

system of membranous tubes and sacs that make protein (ribosomes)/phospholipids and act as a highway to transport materials throughout the cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

produces steroid hormones, secretes calcium in muscle cells and detoxifies drugs and toxins

peroxisomes

contain enzymes to break down various toxins but are named for their ability to break down hydrogen peroxide

cytoskeleton

composed of microfilaments and microtubules, responsible for maintaining cell shape, moving organelles within cells and moving the whole cell

cilia

short hair-like structures present in large numbers on the surface of cells enabling them to move

flagellum

whip-like structure that move cells

centrioles

microtubules that organize other microtubules to help during cell division in animals

cell wall

a rigid layer containing cellulose that is located outside the plasma membrane and provides support in plants and bacteria

central vacuole

large fluid filled sac in plant cells that stores water, enzymes and metabolic wastes

chloroplast

a type of plastid that contains its own DNA and makes glucose using sunlight, carbon dioxide and water

golgi apparatus

an organelle made of a series of flattened sacs that modifies proteins or lipids sent from the rough E.R and sends them to different locations

lysosome

tiny, membrane-enclosed organelle inside eukaryotic cells that acts as the cell's digestive and recycling center

vesicle that come from the golgi, containing enzymes that break down molecules

vesicle

general name for a membrane bound organelle that transports materials within and out of the cell

Carbohydrate

Provide fast energy, energy storage,

raw materials, and structural materials

saccharide (simple sugar)

monomer for carbohydrates

lipids

Long-term energy storage, Body-Organ, Cushioning, Insulation, Cell Signaling, and Cell Membranes

fatty acid

monomer for lipids

Proteins

Composed of C, H, O, N, (sometimes S)

involved in almost everything

enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase)

structure (keratin, collagen)

carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin)

cell communication

defense (antibodies)

movement (actin & myosin)

storage (bean seed proteins)

amino acid

monomer for protein

Nucleic Acid

Composed of C H O N P

store, express, and transfer genetic information in living organisms

nucleotide

monomer for nucleic acids