History of Europe

The Fall of Rome, Western Religions, The Middle Ages, The Crusades, The Hundred Years War and The Black Death.

In the Middle Ages, peasants were also known as

Serfs

What is the term that refers to blaming a group of people for a societal ill for which they really are not to blame? 

Scapegoat

What advanced weaponry did the French use?

cannons

Who called for all Christians of Europe to reunite to take back the Holy Land?

Pope Urban II

What was the series of wars called fought between Christians and Muslims for control over the Holy Land?

The Crusades

He was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor

Charlamagne

When did the Catholic Church make the peasant girl a saint?

1920

What was a fief?

Portion of the Kingdom the King granted a noble to rule

What side of Rome fell in 476 CE?

West

What era is also known as the Dark Ages and Medieval Period?

The Middle Ages

What were the Crusades fought over?

Jerusalem

What painful symptom gave the Black Death its name?

Buboes

Who finally won the Hundred Years' War?

France (Remember that Paris had to be the French’s)

What was the peasant girl tried and convicted of when she was captured by the English?

heresy and Witchcraft

What event marked the fall of Rome in 476?

Germanic Tribes overthrew the last emperor in the west

What was another name for Western Europe during the Medieval period?

Christendom

What are the most important practices of Islam?

The Five Pillars

Who fought in the Crusades?

Muslims and Christians

Frankish leader who developed rules for Feudalism

Charlemagne

Which sect of Islam believes that the leader of Islam should come directly from the prophet Muhammed's bloodline? 

Shia

Causes of the Fall of Rome

Corruption and economic troubles, Invasion of Germanic Tribes, Infighting and Assassinations

In what year did the Hundred Years' War end?

1453

What was the name of the peasant girl who led the French army?

Joan of Arc

What event led to the splitting of the Eastern Orthodox Church from the Catholic?

The Great Schism

What term means the belief in only one god?

Monotheism

What code of ethics were knights sworn to obey during Feudalism?

Chivalry

What sect of Islam believes that a pious individual who would follow the Prophet's customs was acceptable as the leader of Islam?

Sunni

The Black Death killed _______ of Europe's population.

1/3

How did the Black Death affect Feudalism?

It weakened Feudalism

What new war technology helped the English?

the longbow

Who fought during the Hundred Years War?

France and England

What did the peasant girl believe that her visions were telling her?

That God had chosen the French King, Charles VII, to defeat the English and drive them from France

What did the Knights provide?

Protection

In the Middle Ages, who helped the king rule?

The King had many nobles who each ruled a part of the kingdom through a fief.

Which engineering feat connected Rome with territory throughout the empire?

roads

In what year did Rome fall? Who was the last emperor?

476 CE--Romulus Augustus

Who was the last emperor?

Romulus Augustus

In what year did Rome fall?

476 CE

Which Roman emperor's assassination led to the end of the Roman Republic?

Julius Caesar

“Troubles” Rome had with Emperors.

Assassinations and violent coups, Infighting, Corruption, Food shortages, disease, unemployment, crime, Empire became too big for one person to rule

What were the two halves of the Roman Empire after Diocletian split it in 284 CE, and what were the capitals of those empires?

Western Empire--Rome

Eastern Empire--Constantinople

How did the Edict of Milan which legalized Christianity and the declaration of Christianity the official religion of Rome weaken Roman society? Name one reason.

Alienated polytheistic Roman traditions and values; popes and other church leaders complicated government

Define "monotheism."

Belief in one God

What is the place called where Muslims go to pray? Spell correctly 

A Mosque

In what order were the three monotheistic religions founded?

Judaism, Christianity, and then Islam

Why is Jerusalem a holy site for Christians?

Jesus was crucified and resurrected in Jerusalem

What is the fundamental difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?

Sunnis believe the leader of Islam should follow Muhammed's example while Shias believe the leader of Islam needs to be a direct descendent of Muhammad's blood line. (Sunni’s 90% of the populations and are not as strict) (Shia 10% of the population and are strict)

Who actually had the most power in Feudalism--King, nobility, knights, or serfs?

Nobility (the king was king of just a figure head)

What code did knights have to live by in order to prove honor?

Chivalry

What was Europe also referred to during the Medieval Period due to the focus on religion?

Christendom

Who was the first Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne

What arrangement did serfs have with nobility?

Serfs were allowed to live on the nobility's land (and be protected if there was a war) in exchange for working the crops and providing nobility with servitude.

During which years did the Crusades take place?

1095-1212

Who called for the beginning of the Crusades in 1095?

Pope Urban II

Who controlled modern-day Israel and Constantinople before the Crusades began? After the Crusades ended?

Muslims (for both)

What was the result of the Children's Crusade?

Not that much because all of the kids died on the journey. In 1212, thousands of children died trying to reach Israel, but none made it. Christians gave up their Crusade.

What was positive effect of the Crusades? What was negative effect of the Crusades?

Positive: Trade increased along the Mediterranean Sea

Negative: Bitter resentment lasting centuries between Muslims and Christians (A lot of people died)

How long was the Hundred Years War?

116 years

Which two nation-states fought each other during the Hundred Years War and over what?

France and England over control of France

Who won the Hundred Years War?

France (they got to keep france)

For what was Joan of Arc charged and punished?

Heresy

What did the Treaty of Troyes agree to but was later considered null and void by the French?

It made the English king, Henry V, the heir to the French throne after Charles VI died. When Charles VI died, Henery V married Charles VI daughter. However, after Henry died, the French disputed this claim. (Because Henery V’s son, Charles VII, was a young kid still)

In what city off the Black Sea did the Mongols catapult dead bodies into in order to kill those inside and capture the city?

Caffa

Why is the Black Death called the "Bubonic Plague"?

Victims would develop "buboes" around their lymph nodes

What reasons were why Jews were scapegoats during the Black Death?

•Jews had more hygienic traditions built into daily life that helped prevent the Plague from spreading in Jewish communities, like washing hands before every meal.

•Because fewer Jews died, people (Chritians) blamed Jews for purposefully spreading the plague.

People also blamed Jews for Poising the wells.

Also, because of their traditions overall.

Name effects of the Black Death on Europe.

1. People abandoned each other and their responsibilities

2. Many fled to the country and spread to farms--no crops or livestock

3. Questioning God

4. Feudalism ended

5. Social class mobility (people who survived moved up in the social class)

How many branches were in the Roman Republic?

3 branches

What happened in the Roman Republic?

Citizens elected representatives who ran things on everyone’s behalf.

Senate:

Controlled wealthy nobleman

Assembly

representatives elected

Consuls

(2 served for 1 year) Rome’s military leaders and highest judges could appoint dictators who would lead during times of crisis.

What were the three branches of government?

Senate, Assembly, and Consuls

What was the Forum?

It was the center of public life where the 12 tables of laws posted

Who was Julius Caeser?

had absolute power and took control of the government. His assassination led to the end of the Roman Republic.

Who was Augustus Caesar?

converted Rome from a Republic to an Empire

Who was the Diocletian?

He realized that Rome could no longer be governed effectively so he split the Roman Empire in two.

When the Roman Empire split, what were the two halves?

Western and Eastern

What was the Byzantine Empire?

the Byzantine Empire, also called Byzantium, was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued on after the western half of the empire collapsed.

What was Constantinople?

The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which became the center of the new Byzantine Empire (lasted 1,000 years)

What was the Edict of Milan?

It legalized Christianity. In 380, Christianity became the official religion of Rome.

When did Rome fall?

476

Why did Rome fall?

The last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, surrendered to a Germanic leader named Odoacer and Roman rule officially came to an end.

What is Rome’s Legacy?

(GLLAC) Government, Law, Language, Architecture, and Christianity

What was the Roman Empire’s height?

1st and 2nd centuries CE

What flourished because of the Ronam road system?

Culture and trade spread throughout the empire.

What helped citizens travel freely throughout the empire?

It was Rome’s elaborate road system. (It was revolutionary)

What did Commodus rule as?

An Autocrat

Some of the Problems with emperors are

Assassinations, violent overthrowing, infighting, corruption, financial problems, bribery, food shortages, disease, high unemployment, relying on slaves, crime, riots

Who ruled each have of the Roman Empire?

Diocletian ruled the Eastern half and Maximian ruled the Western half.

What is Monotheistic?

Believe in one God

What is Abrahamic?

It traces origins back to Abraham

What were the holy texts in Judaism?

The Old Testament (Tanach)

What were the holy texts in Christianity?

The Old Testament and the New Testament (teachings of Jesus and his earliest followers)

What were the holy texts in Islam?

The Old Testament, The New Testament, The Quran (word of God a dictated to Muhammad), and the Hadith (collection of Muhammad’s teachings). Muslims believe that the Quran confirms the revelations in the Old and New Testament.

What is the Old Testament?

The Tanach

What is the New Testament?

teachings of Jesus and his earliest followers

What is the Quran?

word of God a dictated to Muhammad. Muslims believe that the Quran confirms the revelations in the Old and New Testament.

What is the Hadith?

collection of Muhammad’s teachings

What are the Sacraments? (Christianity)

(BEC-RAM-H) Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Anointing of the sick, Marriage, Holy Orders.

What are the Five Pillars? (Islam)

Most important Practices of Islam: declaring their faith, praying five times a day, fasting during Ramadan, charity, and a pilgrimage to Mecca. (Separately they have dietary rules)