AEMT Chapter 10 - Pathophysiology

Decrease in cell size due to a loss in sub cellular components

Atrophy

Increase in cell size due to synthesis of more sub cellular components

Hypertrophy

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Hyperplasia

An alteration of size, shape, and organization cells

Dysplasia

Refers to the reversible cellular adaption in which on cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Metaplasia

Swelling caused by excessive fluid trapped in body tissues

Edema

Decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water

Isotonic fluid deficit

Increase of sodium and water in extracellular fluid

Isotonic fluid excess

Hypernatremia

Sodium level of 146 mEq/L or higher

Hyponatremia

Sodium level of 134 mEq/L or less

Hyperalemia

Potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L

Hypoalemia

Potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L

Hypercalcemia

Calcium level above 10.2 mg/Dl

Hypocalcemia

Calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL

Hypomagnesmia

Magnesium level below 1.6 mEq/L

Hypermagnesemia

Magnesium level above 2.6 mEq/L

Normal cell death

Apoptosis

Abnormal cell death

Necrosis

The heart can’t pump blood adequately

Cardiogenic shock

A block of blood flow in the heart or great vessels

Obstructive shock

Circulating blood volume is insufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients

Hypovolemic shock

Widespread dilation of resistance vessels, capacitance vessels, or both

Disruptive shock

Histamine and other vasodilator proteins are release on exposure to an allergen

Anaphylactic shock

Shock due to widespread infection

Septic shock

Shock due to a spinal cord injury

Neurogenic shock

Water follows…

Sodium

Regulates fluid balance, total fluid volume and blood pressure

Sodium

Critical to heart rhythm and muscle contractions

Potassium

Critical to muscle contractions, blood clotting, and there are large deposits in bones and teeth

Calcium

Energy (ATP), lots of stores in the bones and teeth

Phosphate

Heart rhythm, muscle, and nerve function

Magnesium

PH of human body (blood)

7.35-7.45

PH of saline

5.5

PH of lactated ringers

6.5

Four main types of shock

Cardiogenic

Obstructive

Hypovolemic

Distributive

What is the most important electrolyte in cardiac function

Potassium