PNS/BAFS-289

granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or lightweight materials

aggregates

suitable materials such as gravel, sand, and earth used to refill excavated materials during construction

backfill

the act of refilling suitable materials or replacing unsuitable materials removed during construction

backfilling

layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate of designed thickness that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade, to support a surface course.

base course

suitable material used for embankments

borrow

ratio between a test load and an arbitrarily defined standard load, expressed as a percentage

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground surface

clearing

string made of coconut coir strands twisted together

coco coir twine

natural and residual materials from coconut coir which serves as soil conditioner

coco coir peat

tubular structure of coconut coir fiber blankets of different diameter filled with coco coir, and/or coco peat

coco-log

handspun coconut coir fiber twine woven into blankets of different density

coconet

any coconut coir fiber-based material such as coconets, coco-logs, coco peat, placed in sloping lands and embankments to hold the vulnerable soil and permit vegetative growth to control surface erosion and conserve the productivity of the soil

coconut geonet

application of pressure to soil materials to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids; minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases strength

compaction

hardened mixture of fine and coarse aggregate, water, cement, and admixtures

concrete

entity having a Contract with a procurement agency and accredited by the Philippine Constructors Accreditation Board (PCAB)

contractor

structural component of specified thickness; it may consist of one layer or more

course

shall serve as a collection point of storm water and its subsequent entrance to the storm drain system

catch basins (kanang murag box nga hulugan sa tubig from culvert)

are constructed to drain water from the subgrade and to collect surface water either from the roadway surface or adjacent

Roadside ditches

shall be used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road such as curves and less than sharp turns

chevron signs

transverse slope that helps the carriageway to drain properly

crossfall or cross slope

drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

culvert

removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other several structures

drainage

operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock

earthwork

construction, usually of earth or stone, to raise the ground or formation level above the natural surface

embankment

protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent

erosion control

act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material

excavation

place devoted for agricultural and fisheries production

farm

road within the agriculture and fisheries production areas, coastal landing points, and postharvest or processing facilities that links to local roads, national highways, and markets.

Farm-to-Market Roads (FMR)

determination of the degree of compaction of the soil

Field Density Test (FDT)

suitable embankment materials placed above natural ground line

fill

fabrics used in subsurface drainage, hydraulic filter, erosion control, sediment control, pavement structures and used as waterproofing and stress relieving membrane, and as a permeable separator to prevent mixing of dissimilar materials such as foundations and select fill materials

geotextile

slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground

grade

property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

gradation

rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage

gradient

preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials including base and surfacing materials

grading

removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface

grubbing

general area where two or more roads, within which are included the roadway and roadside facilities for traffic movements in that area

intersection

roadway with single, two, or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic

lane roadway

road that predominantly carries through traffic from one area to another, forming principal avenues of travel for traffic movements which include provincial, municipal, city, and barangay roads

local roads

concrete roadway, with clearly marked single or one lane for vehicular traffic

one-lane concrete roadway

form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have been bonded together with mortar to form a structure

masonry

the contract drawings which show the locations, character, and dimension of the prescribed work, including layouts, profiles, cross sections, and other details

plans

a part or the entirety of the property, site, or location with defined physical boundaries used or required by a government project

Right of Way (ROW)

quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

riprap

portion of a road intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders

road carriageway

lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway

road carriageway width

portion of the roadway contiguous with the travelled way for accommodation of stopped

road shoulder

civil works covering removal, replacement, widening of pavement, and/or increase of thickness of pavement to ensure road safety and easier road safety

road upgrading

graded portion of a road between top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulders

roadbed

space, location, or site intended to employ traffic consideration, preferably for the transport of agricultural and fisheries products

roadway

saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and intended to be used in other construction

salvage materials

portion of the roadway primarily constructed for the use of pedestrians

sidewalk

distance at which a driver of a vehicle can see an object of specified height on the road ahead, assuming adequate sight and visual acuity and clear atmospheric conditions

sight distance

difference in crossfall between the pavement and its adjacent shoulder

shoulder rollover

bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the work and are classified as structures

structures

layer of the specified or selected materials, treated or untreated, of designated thickness in a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the pavement

subbase layer

top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement structure is placed

subgrade

material which is acceptable in accordance with the contract and which can be compacted

suitable materials

cross slope of the pavement at a horizontal curve, provided to partially counterbalance the centrifugal force on a vehicle going around that curve

superelevation

vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians, vehicles, animals, etc.

traffic

concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked for vehicular traffic

two-lane concrete pavement road

a widened, unobstructed shoulder area that may be used for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles

turnout

materials not appropriate and safe for backfill and borrow which include garbage etc.

unsuitable materials

an opening provided during construction in retaining walls, aprons, canal linings, foundation, etc., to permit drainage of water collecting behind and beneath such structures to reduce hydrostatic head

weep hole

the left edge of the roadway is higher than the right edge; surface slopes down to the inside curve

right turning curve

the right edge of the roadway is higher than the left edge; surface slopes down to the inside curve

left turning curve

shall serve as a collection point of storm water and its subsequent entrance to the storm drain system

catch basin

to be used for indicating the start and end of the roadway

monuments or markers

shall include excavation and grading for roadways, intersections, approaches, slope rounding, benching, waterways and ditches; removal of unsuitable materials from the roadbed and beneath embankment areas; and excavating selected materials found in the roadway

roadway excavation

It shall consist of the excavation and disposal of all materials regardless of its nature, not classified and included in the Bill of Quantities under other pay items.

Unclassified Excavation

It shall consist of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of rippers, and all boulders or other detached stones each having a volume of one cubic meter

rock excavation

It shall consist of all excavations not included in the Bill of Quantities under “rock excavation” or other items.

common excavation

It shall consist of the removal and disposal of deposits of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not suitable for foundation material regardless of the moisture content.

muck excavation

It shall consist of the excavation and utilization of approved material required for the construction of embankment as for other portions of the work, and shall be obtained from approved sources.

borrow excavation

When_______is used, the areas to be excavated shall be moistened to the full depth, from the surface to the bottom of excavation.

pre-watering

shall be used wherever water-bearing strata are encountered above the elevation of the bottom of the excavation

cofferdams

shall be constructed so as to protect green concrete against damage from sudden rising of the stream and to prevent damage to the foundation by erosion.

cofferdams

consists of authorized hauling in excess of the free-haul distance.

overhaul

Determines the toughness and abrasion resistance of aggregates used in road construction.

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

used to evaluate the strength of soil or subgrade for road and pavement design.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

unwanted impurities in aggregates that reduce the quality, strength, and durability of concrete

Deleterious substances

AASHTO

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

are classified as primary and secondary roads. The former forms the part of the main highway trunk-line system which is continuous in extent; the latter includes all access roads forming a secondary trunk-line system.

national roads

Roads connecting one municipality to another, with the terminal to be the public plaza; plus roads extending from one municipality or from a provincial or national road to a public wharf or railway station.

provincial roads

Roads/streets within the urban area of a city not classified as provincial or national roads

city roads

Roads/streets within the poblacion area of a municipality not classified as provincial or national roads

municipal roads

Roads located outside the poblacion area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside industrial, commercial or residential subdivision (access roads to subdivisions are not barangay roads), and are not otherwise classified as national, provincial, city or municipal roads.

barangay roads

is a road which marketed as particularly suited for tourist. Tourism road may be formed when existing road are promoted with traffic sign and advertising material. Others may be roadways enjoyed by local citizen in areas of unique or exceptional natural beauty. It is often developed because it promises to generate employment, enhance community infrastructure and assist in revitalizing the flagging economies in rural areas.

tourism roads

Roads connecting the sugarcane farms to any sugarcane processing facilities such as sugar mills, ethanol distilleries, biomass powerplants and other production facilities using sugarcane as raw material with specifications that can handle truckloads of sugarcane

farm to mill roads

Divided arterial highways for through traffic, with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersections.

expressways