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Function of the Plasma (cell) membrane

Maintains integrity of the cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell

Function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

function of endoplasmic reticulum

transports materials through cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, synthesizes lipids

function of Vesicles

contain and transport various substances

Function of Golgi apparatus

packages protein molecules for transport and secretion

Function of mitochondria

release energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form

Function of lysosomes

Digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells

Function of peroxisomes

House enzymes that catalyze diverse reactions, including breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids, and alcohol detoxification

function of microfilaments and microtubules

support the cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm

function of centrosome

helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

function of Cilia and Flagella

Cilia propel fluid over cellular surfaces, and a flagellum enables a sperm cell to move

Function of Nuclear Envelope

Maintains integrity of nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

Function of nucleolus

site of ribosome synthesis

function of Chromatin

contains info for synthesizing protein

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Diffusion

The tendency of molecules to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout

Facilitated Diffusion

diffusion in which a protein carrier transports a substance from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

water molecules move through the semipermeable membrane to an area with more impermeant solute (greater osmotic pressure)

Filtration

smaller molecules are forced (hydrostatic pressure) through porous membranes from regions of high concentration to low concentration

Solute Pumping

Carrier molecules transport molecules through membranes from lower concentration to higher concentration (requires ATP)

Pinocytosis

membrane engulfs droplets containing molecules from outside (cell drinking)

Phagocytosis

membrane engulfs particles from surroundings (cell eating)

Receptor-Mediated endocytosis

membrane engulfs selected molecules combined with receptor proteins

Exocytosis

vesicles infused with membrane and releases contents outside of the cell

Epithelial tissue locations

body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue

function of epithelial tissues

protection, secretion, absorption, filtration

What are the characteristics of epithelial cells?

Cells fit closely together and often form sheets.

What is the apical surface in epithelium?

The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue.

What does the lower surface of the epithelium rest on?

The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane.

Is epithelium vascular or avascular?

Avascular (no blood supply).

How does epithelium regenerate?

Regenerate easily if well nourished.

Classification of epithelia

Number of cell layers

Simple—one layer

Stratified—more than one layer

shape of cells

squamous-flattened

cuboidal- cube-shaped

columnar- column-like

Simple squamous

Single layer of flat cells / Usually forms membranes - Lines body cavities / Lines lungs and capillaries.

What type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cube-like cells?

Simple cuboidal

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium commonly found?

In glands and their ducts

What structure does simple cuboidal epithelium form the walls of?

Kidney tubules

What organ is covered by simple cuboidal epithelium?

Ovaries

simple columnar

Single layer of tall cells / Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus / Lines digestive tract

pseudostratified columnar

Single layer, but some cells shorter than others

Often looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane

Location: respiratory tract, where it is ciliated

Functions in absorption or secretion

stratified squamous

Cells at the apical surface are flattened

Found as a protective covering where friction is common

locations: skin, mouth, esophagus

stratified cuboidal

Two layers of cuboidal cells

stratified columnar

Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape.

cuboidal and columnar are both…

rare in the human body and found mainly in ducts of large glands

transitional epithelia

shapes of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

lines organs of urinary system

glandular epithelium

one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product

endocrine gland

a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

include sweat and oil glands

Skeletal muscle tissue

under voluntary control

contracts to pull bones or skin

produces gross bodily movements or facial expressions

characteristics of skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary, multinucleated, long, cylindrical

cardia muscle tissue

under involuntary control, found only in the heart, function is to pump blood,

What are intercalated disks?

Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks.

What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle cells regarding their appearance?

Cardiac muscle cells are striated.

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

Cardiac muscle cells have one nucleus per cell.

smooth muscle tissue

involuntary muscle, found in the walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels

characteristics of smooth muscle tissue

No visible striations

One nucleus per cell

Spindle-shaped cells

What is nervous tissue composed of?

Neurons and nerve support cells

What is the primary function of nervous tissue?

To send impulses to other areas of the body

What are the two key properties of nervous tissue?

Irritability and conductivity

connective tissue

Found everywhere in the body / Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues / Functions: Binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection

functions of connective tissue

binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection

characteristics of connective tissues

Variations in blood supply

Some tissue types are well vascularized

Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular

What is the extracellular matrix?

A non-living material that surrounds living cells.

What are the two main elements of the extracellular matrix?

Ground substance and fibers.

What is the ground substance in the extracellular matrix mostly composed of?

Mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules.

What are the fibers in the extracellular matrix produced by?

Produced by the cells.

What are the three types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix?

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

What type of fibers are collagen fibers?

White fibers.

What type of fibers are elastic fibers?

Yellow fibers.

What type of tissue is bone?

Osseous tissue

What do bone cells reside in?

Lacunae (cavities)

What is the matrix of bone tissue primarily composed of?

Calcium salts

What type of fibers are abundant in bone tissue?

Collagen fibers

What are the primary functions of bone tissue?

To protect and support the body

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage

composed of

abundant collagen fibers

rubbery matrix

location of hyaline cartilage

Larynx

Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

Elastic Cartilage

provides elasticity