Model - 2

PEN-3 Cultural Model address a major gap in health education that

it’s neglecting the cultural norms, traditions, and belief

PEN-3 Cultural Model’s main point is culture should not be treated as

an obstacle to health, but as a central force in understanding and designing health interventions

3 Domains of PEN-3 Cultural Model: Cultural identity

focuses on what individuals, communities, or populations should be targeted

Ex of Cultural Identity

If Faren is developing a breast cancer screening program in Brazil, this domain helps them decide whether to target women directly or to include caregivers and family members as part of the intervention.

3 Domains of PEN-3 Cultural Model: Relationships and Expectations

focus on how people think about health and who influences those beliefs

Factors such as

• Perception (beliefs and attitudes)

• Enablers (resources that support or hinder health)

• Nurturers (people who influence)

  • Help determine what messages will resonate and which barriers need to be addressed

Ex of Relationships and Expectations

If family elders strongly influence health decisions, include them in outreach and education efforts.

3 Domains of PEN-3 Cultural Model: Cultural Empowerment

Instead of focusing only on what is lacking in non-Western or marginalized communities, we should recognize and build on their positive cultural practices and beliefs

To empower the cultural aspect, the research considers: 1) positive beliefs

to promote health (ex: emphasizing oral hygiene)

To empower the cultural aspect, the research considers: 2) Culturally significant existential practices

like traditional foods or ceremonies

To empower the cultural aspect, the research considers: 3) decreasing the negative beliefs or harmful practices

like the stigma around mental health

Behavioral Approach look at behavior as it is shaped by

its consequences, broader conditions surrounding it and influenced by what happen before and after it

4 major components of Behavioral Approach: 1) Antecedent

event, condition, or stimulus that occurs just before a behavior (influencing factors)

Ex of Antecedent

for people living with nicotine use disorder, seeing a cigarette might trigger smoking. In this case, the antecedent is the presence of the cigarette. 

4 major components of Behavioral Approach: 2) Consequence

What happens after the behavior occurs and can include a reinforcer (increase behavior) or a punisher (decrease behavior)

Ex of Consequence

The person feels less stressed after exercising, making them more likely to exercise again

4 major components of Behavioral Approach: 3) Motivating Operations

factors that can change how desirable or undesirable an antecedent is

Ex of Motivating Operations

if someone is hungry, a strawberry swirl cheesecake might be more desirable than if the person had just eaten a big meal. In this case, hunger is a motivating operation

4 major components of Behavioral Approach: 4) Setting events

broader environmental or historical conditions that affect how we respond to antecedents and consequences.

Ex of Setting events

Someone grew up in a family where exercise was highly valued, so they are more likely to see exercise positively

Behavior Approaches: A Health Behavior Scenario Ex

• Setting event: A person grew up in a family where healthy eating was not emphasized, and their neighborhood has limited access to fresh foods

• Motivating Operation: The person starts feeling tired and wants to have more energy, making healthy food more desirable

• Antecedent: They see a poster at work advertising a nearby farmers market with fresh fruits and vegetables

• Behavior: They go to the farmers market and buy healthy foods.

• Consequence: They feel more energetic after improving their diet, making them more likely to keep choosing healthier foods.

  
  

Wellness Model by Stoewen is a

Western/modern holistic wellness framework

Wellness Model incorporate:

• Emotional Wellness (appreciate other’s feelings and perspectives)

• Financial wellness (living with enough and set realistic financial goals)

• Social Wellness (maintaining healthy relationships)

• Spiritual Wellness (finding purpose and value in one’s life)

• Occupational Wellness (life-enriching work)

• Physical Wellness (caring for one’s body)

• Intellectual Wellness (valuing lifelong learning)

• Environment Wellness (committed to a maintain a healthy planet)

Stages of Social Problem Model by Soyer & Ziyanak

Awareness (of the claims, claims maker, and activities) → Policy determination → Reform

Traditional and Indigenous Models of Health focus on

holistic approach to health

Holistic means

health involves more than just the body; it includes the mind, spirit, and social environment

Major idea behind these systems

balance and harmony (Ayurveda + Traditional Chinese Medicine = balance of body and mind / Indigenous healing system = Harmony with nature)

What happens when there is an imbalance to these systems (Ayurveda, Traditional-chinese Medicine)

illness or poor health occured

How do these systems approach healing

use diet, herbs, movement, lifestyle changes, spiritual practices, and community support

what is the main differences from a narrow Western Medical Approach

Traditional and Indigenous systems often consider the whole person and their environment, rather than focusing primarily on a specific disease or physical symptom

Health psychologists and medical professionals are increasingly integrating traditional approaches into treatment plans,

especially in communities where Western methods alone have failed to build trust or address deep-rooted disparities.