Chapter 14 Lumio

What hormone is a hypoglycemic agent?

Insulin

Define Hypoglycemia:

Decreased blood glucose level

What hormone inhibits insulin secretion and increases glucose?

Epinephrine

What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex when stimulated by ACTH?

Glucocorticoids

What is the reason for separation of plasma/serum from cells for glucose?

Glucose reduces 5-7%/hr if not separated

What process is by which amino acids are converted to substrates to become glucose?

Gluconeogensis

What is the main hormone which increases glucose levels?

Glucagon

What are 5 samples of reducing substances?

Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Lactose, and Galactose

What carb has aldehyde as its functional group?

Aldose

What is the most common glycogen storage disease?

Glucose 6 phosphate deficiency type 1

What is the glucose level seen with symptoms of hypoglycemia?

50-55 mg/dL

What are the chains of 2-10 sugars?

Oligosaccharides

What is also referred to as table sugar?

Sucrose

What are carbs that oxidize or reduce other compounds and must contain an aldose or ketose group?

Reducing Substances

What disease is associated with increased albumin in urine?

Nephropathy

What anticoagulant is for testing glycosylated hemoglobin?

EDTA

What is simple sugars that can not be hydrolyzed to a simpler form?

Monosaccharides

What hormone is made in alpha cells the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

Insulin

What thyroid hormone helps increase glucose levels?

Thyroxine

What are 3 substances that make up carbs?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Carb which has ketone as its function group:

Ketose

Pituitary hormone inhibits entry of glucose into cells:

Growth Hormone

What diabetes is associated with decreased production of insulin?

Type 2 Diabetes

Process by which glycogen is converted back to glucose-6 phosphate?

Glycogenolysis

What is the only hormone that decreases glucose levels?

Insulin

What is the test for lactose tolerance?

H2 breath test

Hormone which converts glycogen to glucose in the liver?

ACTH

What organ produces insulin and glucagon?

Pancreas

What is the main hormone which allows entry of glucose into cells?

Insulin

What is the most common nonreducing sugar?

Sucrose

Hormone which stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex?

ACTH

What is the term used to describe ketones in the blood?

Ketonemia

What is the principle of glycosylated hemoglobin?

Average blood glucose level for the past 2-3 months

What 2 hormones regulate blood glucose?

Insulin and Glucagon

Diabetes where patient becomes insulin dependent?

Type 1 Diabetes

Genetic disease with absolute deficiency of insulin secretions:

Type 1 Diabetes

What is the smallest carb?

Glyceraldehyde

Hormone which increases glucose by decreasing glucose by decreasing in the intestines?

Cortisol

Hormone that is hyperglycemic agent:

Glucagon

Hormone which increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis:

Thyroxine

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla:

Epinephrine

Random glucose level in hyperglycemia:

>/= to 200

Ketone result (blood/urine) in hyperglycemia:

Both are increased

Time frame for separation of plasma/serum from cells:

1 hour

Diabetes where ketones are most often formed:

Type 1 Diabetes

Hormone made in beta cells the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas:

Glucagon

Principle of lactose tolerance test:

Ability of body to digest lactose which will cause glucose to increase

Substance that converts glucose to glucose-6 phosphate:

ATP

Congenital deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase:

Galactosemia

3 examples of disaccharides:

Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose

Reagent used by most chem analyzers to test glucose:

Glucose Oxidase or Hexokinase

Primary source of energy for humans:

Glucose

Fasting glucose level in hyperglycemia:

>/= 126 mg/dl

Preferred method for diagnosing diabetes mellitus:

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Disease associated with hyperglycemia caused by defect in insulin secretion or insulin:

Diabetes Mellitus

Genetic disease with resistance to insulin:

Type 2 Diabetes

Hormone released when glucose is decreased:

Growth Hormone

3 examples of monosaccharides:

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Only carb used for energy or stored as glycogen:

Glucose

Test for measuring ketones:

Acetest

Hemoglobin A1C is also referred to as:

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

Carbs which contain 6 carbons:

Hexoses

2 examples of polysaccharides:

Starch and Glycogen

Carbs which don’t oxidize or reduce other compounds and does not contain an aldose or ketose:

Nonreducing Substances

Ketones in the urine:

Ketonuria

Carbs which contain 5 carbons:

Pentoses

Carbs which contain 3 carbons:

Trioses

Increased blood glucose level:

Hyperglycemia

Small amounts of albumin in urine:

Microalbuminuria

Formed by two monosaccharides and water:

Disaccharides

Carbs which contain 4 carbons:

Tetroses

Many monosaccharides attached together:

Polysaccharides