History B Exam - sophomore

Fascism

A political ideology prioritizing the state over individual rights, characterized by extreme nationalism and limited personal freedoms.

Collectives

Programs under Stalin's rule where private property was seized to create communal farms or factories for peasants to work on.

Neutrality Act of 1935

Legislation in the United States prohibiting the sale of weapons to countries at war, reflecting a desire to remain neutral in global conflicts.

Axis Powers

Military alliance formed by Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Anschluss

Germany's annexation of Austria without bloodshed.

Blitzkrieg

A rapid and intense military strategy used by Germany to swiftly invade and conquer territories during World War II.

Nuremberg Laws

Regulations in Nazi Germany that discriminated against Jews and deprived them of citizenship rights.

Wannsee Conference

Meeting where Nazi leaders devised the "Final Solution," a plan for the genocide of Jews in Europe.

Lend-Lease Act

Legislation allowing the US to lend weapons and supplies to allies like Britain during World War II.

Atlantic Charter

Agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining post-World War II plans and advocating for self-determination for all nations.

Benito Mussolini

Italian Dictator who created a Fascist government in Italy.

Fascism

Political ideology prioritizing the state over the people, relying on extreme nationalism and limiting individual rights.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the USSR who helped establish communism after the October revolution.

Joseph Stalin

Dictator of the USSR, focused on industrializing Russia at the cost of millions of lives.

Collectives

Program by Stalin to create government-controlled farms and factories, forcing peasants to work on them.

Adolf Hitler

German dictator inspired by Mussolini's fascism, instituted his own style of fascism in Germany.

Manchuria

Region in north China with abundant resources, invaded by Japan for its natural resources.

Neutrality Act of 1935

US legislation making it illegal to sell weapons to any country at war, reflecting a desire to remain neutral.

Axis Powers

Military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Internationalism

Belief that the United States should be involved in global affairs, as advocated by FDR.

Anschluss

Germany's bloodless takeover of Austria.

Munich Conference

Agreement between Britain, France, and Germany to give part of Czechoslovakia to Germany, an example of appeasement.

Appeasement

Policy of giving in to Hitler's demands in the hope of preventing another war in Europe.

Blitzkrieg

Rapid warfare strategy used by Germany to swiftly invade and prevent opponents from regrouping.

Maginot Line

Fortified defense border of France, failed to protect against invasion as Germany bypassed it through Belgium.

Winston Churchill

Leader of the United Kingdom during WWII, provided morale boost and secured military aid from the US.

Battle of Britain

Air battle where the Royal Air Force successfully defended the UK from the German Luftwaffe.

Nuremberg Laws

Nazi regulations discriminating against non-Aryans, depriving German Jews of certain rights.

Gestapo

Nazi secret police enforcing Hitler's policies through surveillance and terror.

Wannsee Conference

Meeting where Nazi leaders devised the 'Final Solution' for the genocide of Jews in Europe.

Concentration Camp

Slave labor camps created by Germany to detain and exploit millions, including Jews, Romani, and prisoners of war.

Extermination Camp

Nazi camps designed to systematically kill millions of people as quickly as possible.

America First Committee

Organization advocating US neutrality during WWII and opposing the acceptance of European refugees.

Lend-Lease Act

US legislation allowing the lending of weapons and supplies to Britain, circumventing the cash payment requirement.

Hemispheric Defense Zone

Declared by FDR to protect British ships from German submarine attacks in the Atlantic, extending neutrality.

Atlantic Charter

Secret meeting between FDR and Churchill, outlining post-WWII plans and promoting self-determination for all nations.

Strategic Materials

Essential materials for war, such as coal, iron, and oil, crucial for wartime production.

Cost-plus

Government contracts ensuring factory profits for producing war materials, facilitating rapid mobilization.

War Production Board

Government office overseeing war production to ensure swift mobilization for the war effort.

Office of War Mobilization

Office resolving disputes between factories and the government regarding production for the war effort.

Double V Campaign

Slogan advocating for victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home, particularly among Black American activists.

Tuskegee Airmen

Black air force pilots who faced racism but proved their capabilities during WWII.

Chester Nimitz

Admiral of the US Navy who led the US to victory in the Pacific front during WWII.

Douglas MacArthur

Military leader involved in the Pacific front, known for retaking the Philippines and later involved in the Korean War.

Bataan Death March

Forced transfer of American and Filipino prisoners of war by Japanese forces in the Philippines during WWII.

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea, involving the United States and other nations.

Corregidor

Strategic island in the Philippines where American forces made a final stand against the Japanese.

Doolittle Raid

US bombing of Japan in retaliation for Pearl Harbor, planned by James Doolittle.

Periphery

Allied strategy to attack Germany's empire edges first, such as in North Africa.

Convoy System

Warship-escorted cargo ship groups to counter submarine attacks during World War II.

Island Hopping

US strategy to take over Pacific islands in a two-pronged approach, leading to an invasion of Japan.

Bombing Raids in Tokyo

Aimed to demoralize Japanese civilians and prompt a surrender.

Bracero Program

Initiative bringing Mexican farmers to work in American fields during WWII, often facing poor conditions.

Sunbelt

Geographic area in the Deep South and southern California.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for job opportunities and to escape Jim Crow laws.

Zoot Suit

Baggy suit associated with a riot where Mexican Americans were attacked for wearing it.

Victory Suit

Outfit with no vest, no cuffs, a short jacket, and narrow lapels, conserving fabric for the war effort.

Office of Price Administration

Federal office stabilizing wages and prices during WWII.

Rationing

Limiting resource use, such as food and fabric, to support the war effort.

Victory Garden

Homegrown food initiative to support the war effort on the home front.

Executive Order 8802

FDR's order banning discrimination in wartime productions, encouraging women and minorities to join the workforce.

Yalta Conference

Meeting to settle future strategy of the Allies and Germany's post-war occupation zones.

D-Day

Largest land, air, and sea invasion to retake France and launch an invasion on Germany.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots used late in the war.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered.

Manhattan Project

Secret US government project to create an atomic bomb.

V-J Day

Victory in Japan Day, marking the end of WWII.

United Nations

Post-WWII peacekeeping organization replacing the League of Nations.

Nuremberg Trials

Allied trials holding Nazis accountable for crimes against humanity.

Cold War

Tensions between the USA and the USSR without direct battles.

Potsdam Conference

Meeting where Stalin and Truman disagreed on Germany's post-war fate, contributing to the Cold War tensions.

Satellite Nations

Nations under USSR control and influence.

Iron Curtain

Symbolic term for the divide in Europe between communist east and democratic west.

Long Telegram

Message urging the US to contain communism, influencing the policy of containment.

Containment

Policy to stop the spread of communism at all costs.

Marshall Plan

US aid program to rebuild European economies and prevent the embrace of communism.

NATO

Military alliance declaring mutual defense against USSR aggression.

Limited War

A war with a very narrow goal, such as the Korean War's focus on preventing the spread of communism.

SEATO

Defense agreements with Asian nations to counter communist influence.

Red Scare

Fear of communism leading to anti-communist actions and policies.

Subversion

Effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government.

Loyalty Review Program

Government screening of employees to identify communists.

Alger Hiss

Accused of being a communist and found guilty of perjury.

Perjury

Lying under oath, as in the case of Alger Hiss.

McCarran Act

Legislation requiring government-considered Communist associations to register and submit information.

McCarthyism

Communist witch hunt, accusing people without evidence.

Censure

Senate's vote to restrict a member's speaking rights, as happened to McCarthy.

Fallout

Radiation remaining after a nuclear blast, leading to the construction of fallout shelters.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam.

Domino Theory

Belief that if one nation falls to communism, nearby nations will also fall.

Guerrilla

Fighting style emphasizing hidden attacks over traditional warfare.

Dien Bien Phu

Location of a major loss in the Indochina War.

Geneva Accords

Agreement for France to officially withdraw from Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Corrupt leader of South Vietnam, assassinated by his generals.

Vietcong

Communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gave President Johnson war powers to send troops to Vietnam.

Napalm

Jellied Gasoline used in the Vietnam war to burn everything.

Agent Orange

Herbicide used to find Vietcong, causing civilian casualties.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Secret trail for North Vietnamese to resupply undetected.

William Westmoreland

Commanded US forces in Vietnam.