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a capella
voice only / without instruments
ad libitum - ad lib
with free rhythm / expression
adagio
slow tempo
alla breve
cut time / 2 over 2
allargando
becoming gradually slower + more stately
allegro
fast
allegretto
fairly quick, slower than allegro
andante
moderately slow tempo "walking pace"
andantino
slightly lighter/quicker than andante
arco
with the bow
assai
very
attacca
begin the next movement immediately "attack at once"
a tempo
at the previous tempo
breve
a double whole note
cantabile
perform in a singing style
come prima
as before
come sopra
as previously
con
with
con fuoco
with intensity "fire"
crescendo
gradually increasing intensity to a peak
da capo
from the beginning
dal segno
play from the sign
dolce
sweetly, gently
espressivo
perform with expression of feeling
fermata
symbol which indicates a note should be held longer than written, at performers discretion
fine
end
giusto
exactly, correct
grave
very slow, solemn
grazioso
graceful, smooth, elegant
largo
slow, faster than grave but slower than adagio
leggiero
light; nimble
pesante
heavy and ponderous
l'istesso
the same tempo as before
laissez vibrer
let ring / "vibrate"
loco
return to normal "in place"
lunga
like a fermata "long pause"
ma
but
ma non troppo
but not too much
maestoso
in a majestic manner
meno
less
molto
very
mosso
animated, rapid
piu
more
misura
measure
sempre
always
senza misura
without measures
subito
suddenly
moderato
moderate tempo - between allegro + andantino
a niente
fade to silence
possible
possible
quasi
as if; resembling
rallentando
gradually getting slower
scordatura
string tuning that differs form the standard
semplice
simple
simile
in the same way
sostenuto
sustained
staccato
each note sharply detached
troppo
too much
volti subito
turn the page at once
Medieval
900-1400
Renaissance
1400-1600
Baroque
1600-1750
Classical
1750-1827
Romantic
1827-1920
20th Century
1900-1955
Modern
1955-present
J.S. Bach
1685-1750
Ludwig van Beethoven
1770-1827
Igor Stravinsky
1882-1971
Violino
Violin
Viola
Viola
Violoncello
Violoncello
Contrabasso
Double Bass
Arpa
Harp
Archi
Strings
Legni
Woodwinds
Ottavino
Piccolo
Flauto
Flute
Oboe
Oboe
Corno Inglese
English Horn
Clarinetto
Clarinet
Clarone
Bass Clarinet
Fagotto
Bassoon
Contrafagotto
Contrabassoon
Sassofone
Saxophone
Ottoni
Brass
Corno
Horn
Tromba
Trumpet
Trombone
Trombone
Tuba
Tuba
Percussione
Perccusion
Marimba
Marimba
Xilofono
Xylophone
Campanelli
Orchestral Bells
Vibrafono
Vibraphone
Campene
Tubular Chimes
Celesta
Celesta
Gong
Gong
Crotali
Crotales
Incudine
Anvil