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Paleolithic
Hunting and Gathering and nomadic
Neolithic
development of agriculture and permanent settlements.
Acheulean Hand Axe
first human-made tool
large and intentionally shaped
Neanderthals
a species of archaic humans known for their robust build, tool use, and adaptation to cold climates.
Homo Sapiens
“Thinking Humans”
Emerged in Africa
Cro Magnon
Early homo sapiens that emerged in Africa
Holocene extinction event
Mega Fauna went extinct
human populations rose
Lepenski Vir
Semi-nomadic society
ornate burials
domestication of dogs
Pastoralism
following herds of domestic animals across the landscape
a more secure food source that led to the development of milk products and the spread of zoological diseases
Agriculture
domestication of plants
allowed for first permanent settlements
Jericho
one of the first Natufian Societies
Jericho/Zawi Chemi Shanidar/ Abu Hureya were the first three
Chalcolithic Period
copper
stone
pottery
weaving/textiles
specialization of labor
Vinca Culture
clay figurines
proto-writing
Otzi the Iceman
Found mummified in the Italian Alpes
we can tell what he ate, how he died when he died, and what tools/material goods he had on him
Megalith Culture
Stone Henge
Hassuna Culture
upper Tigris
Dryland farming
unfired dark red designs on light red pots
grain cultivation, storage, grinding, baking
Halaf Culture
Upper Euphrates
fired bright geometrically designed pottery
community and domestic buildings
circular mud brick homes
Samara
Southern Tigris
Introduced irrigation
geometrically designed pottery
circular homes out of mud bricks
first defensive walls
Ubaid Culture
South Eastern
home to Eridu
irrigation
stratified society
first public temples
Eridu
located in Ubaid
location of Eden and Adam from the bible
Ziggurat
7 storied temple
center of the community
in honor of An/Anu = Sky God
Uruk Period
socio/political/administrative development
on top of Ubaid Culture
Priest-King
Pictograms-precursor to writing
An / Anu
Mesopotamian Sky God
Semetic
a language group (Hebrew, Arabic, etc)
Cuneiform
pictograms / ideograms stamped into a block of clay using a reed
King list
a stone with a list of names, descriptions of events, and mythology
starts with mythical kings who rule for thousands of years
historical kings after Ur
first political document
Akkadians
Pastoralists who moved from Northern Africa to Samaria
Defeats neighbors in Ur / Uruk / Sumer / Kish / Erdu
Establish the first empire
Akkadian was now the Lingua Franka
Sargon
King of the Akkadians
claimed to be a lover of the goddess Ishtar
used cuneiform to unite the kingdom
created a calendar based on the harvest
used vassals to rule - the former kings of the nations he took over
Naram Sin
Sargon’s grandson
tried to expand but was killed in battle
called himself “King of the Four Corners of the Universe”
Ur-Nammu
Takes control from the Akkadians
King of Sumer
Establishes first law code
Amorites
Old Babylonia
adopt Sumerian Culture
Marduk = their number one god
known for the study of math and astrology (base 10, seconds, minutes, hours) (constellations)
Hammurabi
Only Babylonian King
Second large scale empire
united cities through trade, language and laws
Hittites
moved east and west and settled in now-Turkey
used cuneiform
used horses and chariots
NOT Semitic or Sumerian
eventually took back Egypt had taken from them - were a part of the battle of Kadesh against Ramses II
Upper Egypt
Southern on the Nile
more advanced than lower Egypt because of access to trade
Lower Egypt
Northern on the Nile near the Mediterranean Sea
less advanced than Upper Egypt
Nomarchs
part of the Egyptian Hierarchy
Pharaoh → Viziers (one) → Governors (two) → Nomarchs (42)
Badarian Culture
Upper Egypt
Small-scale farming and hunting
pottery made without wheels
burials show bodies with body paints
Naquada I
Upper Egypt
use of copper
Figurines, weapons and food left for the dead
figurines were of slaves/women → servants for after death
Naquada II
basically exact same as Naquada I
Naquada III
copper on pots to make them a blue-green colour
mastabas
a burial room with offerings then the body in a basement-like chamber down below
Merimde culture
Lower Egypt
ovular reed huts
icorn wheat
Herring-bone style pottery
no evidence of grave goods
Maadi
Oval huts with grain storage
buried bodies outside of the community
egalitarian
Hieroglyphs
formal Egyptian writing
carved into stone
used in religious contexts
papyrus
“paper”
used for less official Egyptian documents
could be up to 35 ft long
Palermo Stone
The Royal Annuls
contains info on the first 5 dynasties in the “Old Kingdom”
like The King Stone it begins with myth history
Menes was the first ruler of a united Egypt
Ma’at
the Egyptian idea that there is a natural order to the universe that everyone was subjected to
Ushabits
figurines of servants placed in graves so the Pharaoh could take those to the afterlife instead of having to perform a human sacrifice
Rosetta Stone
Contained Hieroglyphs, Hieratic, Ancient Greek
Stone detailing legal information that taught us how to translate Egyptian writing
Khufu
Built The Great Pyramid
Khafre
Built the Sphynx
Pyramid Texts
Carved into the stone in a burial chamber to lead the soul of the deceased into the afterlife
Syncretism
the comning of cultures and gods
(Amon and Ra → Amon-Ra
Mummification
the process of preparing a body for the afterlife
all organs are taken out and preserved in jars
the heart is left
the brain is thrown out
Ka
Egyptian soul that represents your animalistic needs/desires
Ba
Egyptian soul that represents your personality
Aka
Egyptian soul that is taken out and weighed against a feather to grant you passage to the afterlife
Hyksos
A group of people that invaded Egypt during the Second Intermittent Period
had chariots, bows, bronze weapons
adoption of Egyptian culture (they liked Set)
use of Nomarchs to stay in power
Egyptians learned their military practices and over threw them
Damnation of Memory
When a successor attempts to destroy all record of a ruler that came before them
Amenhotep Iv
Pharaoh of Egypt
He made it illegal to worship the pantheon and only he was allowed to worship Aton (the sun disk)
the Egyptian people were only allowed to worship him
this caused civil unrest
he pulled troops from the edges of the kingdom and accidentally allowed the Hittites to reclaim the territory
Aton
the Sun Disk
Henotheism
the worship of a single god while still acknowledging the existence of others
Ramses I and Ramses II
reclaim territory lost to the Hittites
described as the best military leaders in Egyptian history
The Battle of Kadesh
Egyptians reclaiming the land that was taken from them by the Hittites
first peace treaty recorded
both groups of people claim victory
Bronze age
economy in agriculture
specialization or labor and social hierarchy
cites used as administration and population centers
well-developed tech out of metal
system of writing for record keeping
Elba
modern-day Syria
Run by an aristocracy of merchants and a fixed-term elected king
trade center
traded in textiles, copper, beer, etc.
Semitic speakers
burned by Naram Sin
nave came back to true power
Ugaritic Alphabet
Egyptian characters in Mesopotamian style
30 individual characters used to spell words (no vowels)
open to merchants
Minoan Civilization
Crete
named after King Minos
no single king
individual city-states
no city walls and only military to protect traders and trade routes
doors, windows, indoor plumbing
OLIVES
Established colonies for easier trading
imported amber, wood, metal
Linear A
Used by minoans
we cant decipher it
Lady of the Wild Things
Minoan goddess
shirtless and holding snakes
Minoan religion was practiced small-scale
Mycenean Civilization
first western civilization
first civilization in Greece
took over the Minoans
adopted minoan culture including imagery of octopuses / bulls / bull flipping
used linear B
highly centralized warlike people
had megarons
long rectangular public buildings
Linear B
Used by Myceneans
we know how to decipher
early form of Greek
Cyclopean Blocks
stone blocks used in Mycenean buildings so large cyclopses must have moved them
Trojan war
the Mycenean king Agamemnon led the Greek forces against Troy in the Trojan war
Sea People
a mysterious people that destroyed the Hittites, Urgrit etc. but were defeated by King Ramses II
