Japanese Expansion

July 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Nagasaki harbor to open trade negotiations with the Japanese emperor

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854

• gave power back to emperor, established limited form of democracy

• reforms in industry, education, fashion, and military

• promoted national unity and patriotism

1894

first Sino Japanese War over influence in Korea

Treaty of Shimonoseki (4 points)

• 1895

• treaty after first sino-japanese war

• gave pescadores islands, formosa, liaodong peninsula to japan

• recognized korean independence

• obliged China to pay large indemnity

Triple Intervention

• 1895

• germany, russia france forced japan to give up Liaodong Peninsula

• Russia took over

• Germany secured Shandong Province

• French and British seized port cities

encouraged increase in nationalism/militarism

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

• 1902

• ended diplomatic isolation

• First military alliance with west and non-west

1904

Russo-Japanese War

Treaty of Portsmouth

• 1905, end of Russo-Japanese War

• Japan gained Korea and most of Southern Manchuria

• Gained railway rights in Manchuria

• Earned respect from western nations, admiration of Asian countries

Twenty-One Demands

• 1915

• sought to extend Japanese control of Manchuria and the Chinese economy

• directly challenged US Open Door Policy; Japan forced to drop fifth set of demands

Paris Peace Conference

• 1919

• Japan lays claim to Shandong Province in China and Germany colonies in Northern Pacific

Racial Equality Clause

• 1919

• Japan proposed inclusion of this clause in the covenant of the League of Nations

• proposal was shelved

• incited Japanese nationalism

May Fourth Movement

• 1919

• Chinese protest against Japanese Demands at Paris Peace Conference

• contributed move towards left-wing politics and rise in anti-japanese sentiment

Five-Power Naval Treaty

• 1922

• restricted competition in battleships/aircrafts for Britain, US, and Japan

• Japanese Navy Staff General opposed limitations, created resentment within the military

Nine- Power Treaty

• 1922

• signed by USA, UK, Belgium, China, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal

• imposed open door policies to trade with China

Northern Expedition

• 1926

• launched by Jiang Jeishi in China

• consolidate central government and wrest power from warlords

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

• 1930

• highest protective tariff during US peacetime

Manchurian Crisis

• 1931

• planned by Kwantang Army

• bomb exploded on Japanese-owned Southern Manchurian Railways

Stimson Doctrine

• 1932

• announced US would not recognize any treaty between Japan and China which violated US rights and treaties