Comm chapters 8, 9, and 10
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99 Terms
Q: How is social media currently defined?
A: Social media continues to be defined and redefined by scholars, professionals, and the press.
Q: What does social media represent in terms of communication types?
A: It represents a convergence of mass communication and interpersonal communication.
Q: What are the three key elements that intersect in social media?
A: Technology, social interaction, and information sharing.
Q: What is the dialogic model of communication?
A: A model that emphasizes open, two-way, and many-to-many communication between parties.
Q: What type of communication does the dialogic model support?
A: Many-to-many communication.
Q: What is agenda setting in media?
A: The process by which media outlets influence which topics the public considers important by choosing which stories to cover.
Q: What role does media play in agenda setting?
A: Media decides which topics to highlight, shaping public perception of what matters.
Q: What is social production in the context of digital media?
A: It refers to the collaborative creation and sharing of content, often seen in social media environments.
Q: Is the collaborative aspect of social media a threat or opportunity?
A: It can be seen as both—a threat to traditional structures and an opportunity for innovation and participation.
Q: How do digital media and the Internet impact production costs?
A: They significantly reduce the costs of creating and distributing content.
Q: What movement is participatory media rooted in?
A: The free and open-source software (FOSS) movement.
Q: What is distributed computing?
A: A model where individual, autonomous computers work together toward a common goal.
Q: How has media choice changed in the digital age?
A: There are far more media choices, styles, and genres than ever before.
Q: How has user behavior changed with increased media choice?
A: People are more proactive in seeking out the content they want.
Q: Does more media choice guarantee higher quality?
A: No, greater choice means more competition but not necessarily more quality.
Q: What is one result of the shift toward user interaction in media?
A: A focus on dialogue between companies and the public.
Q: What is the shift from "gatekeeping" to "gatewatching"?
A: It refers to users observing and sharing content rather than relying on traditional media to filter it.
Q: What are tagging and folksonomies used for?
A: They help classify content, making it more searchable and revealing relationships between terms.
Q: What is an example of a curatorial media platform?
Q: What is driving the rise of user-generated content?
A: Digital media tools that allow easy creation and sharing.
Q: How is mass communication being transformed?
A: The ability to cheaply and easily distribute content online is changing how mass communication works.
Q: How is digital culture affecting intellectual property laws?
A: It is challenging traditional laws by promoting open sharing and remixing of content.
Q: What characterizes social media collaboration?
A: A willingness to collaborate for the common good without monetary gain.
Q: How does online collaboration often extend beyond the internet?
A: It frequently helps organize people around political or social movements offline.
Q: What are some early social media platforms that predate today's services?
A: Minitel, CompuServe, and America Online (AOL).
Q: What led to the decline of proprietary online services in the 1990s?
A: The wider availability of the Internet via ISPs.
Q: What is one of the earliest and still widely used internet applications?
A: Email.
Q: What are mailing lists and listservs?
A: Tools for group communication via email.
Q: What are opt-in, double opt-in, and opt-out in email marketing?
A: Methods for managing user consent for receiving emails.
Q: What is spam in the context of email?
A: Unwanted or unsolicited email messages.
Q: What is Usenet and when did it begin?
A: An early forum-based communication system launched in 1979.
Q: What internet behaviors originated on forums and boards?
A: Lurking, flaming, spamming, use of FAQs, and sock puppets.
Q: What does "Endless September" of 1993 refer to?
A: The period when new internet users began flooding online forums, changing their culture permanently.
Q: What is a modern example of a forum-based platform?
A: Reddit.
Q: What is the primary feature of chat rooms?
A: Real-time or synchronous communication.
Q: How is Slack used today?
A: As a business communication platform with chat room-like features.
Q: What was Discord originally focused on, and how has it evolved?
A: Originally for gamers, now widely used by various communities.
Q: How are mobile messaging apps like Telegram used today?
A: To support large community chat rooms, including for political, military, and crypto groups.
Q: What is a blog or microblog?
A: A series of posts (or microposts), updated frequently and ordered chronologically.
Q: What purpose do blogs serve?
A: They allow individuals to discuss topics of interest and potentially reach wide audiences.
Q: When did blogs emerge and become culturally significant?
A: Emerged in the 1990s and became mainstream in the 2000s.
Q: What is a defining feature of a wiki?
A: It is a page or site that anyone can edit.
Q: What is the best-known example of a wiki?
A: Wikipedia.
Q: What does the phrase “publish, then filter” refer to?
A: A model used by wikis where content is posted first, then reviewed/edited by others.
Q: Name some Wikimedia projects.
A: WikiVoyage, WikiSource, WikiData, WikiNews, WikiSpecies, Wiktionary.
Q: What are examples of specialized or community-based wikis?
A: Wookieepedia (Star Wars), WikiTree (genealogy), Elon Tech Wiki, and various fandom/hobby wikis.
Q: What is a distinguishing feature of social networking sites?
A: They allow users to visualize their social connections.
Q: Name three early social networking sites.
A: Classmates, SixDegrees, Friendster.
Q: What major SNSs launched in the 2000s and 2010s?
A:
2003: MySpace, LinkedIn, Couchsurfing
2005: YouTube
2006: Facebook (public launch)
2009: Foursquare
2010: Instagram
2011: Pinterest
2014: Ello
2017: TikTok
Q: How has the role of users changed in digital media?
A: Users are both consumers and producers of content, often called “produsers.”
Q: What do user contributions (big data) support?
A: New business models and raise privacy and ethical concerns.
Q: What challenge comes with trusting online information?
A: It’s harder to trust unknown sources.
Q: How do rating systems help online users?
A: They rank the usefulness of reviews/comments and aid decision-making.
Q: What is word-of-mouth marketing?
A: Customers promoting products through discussions with each other.
Q: How are privacy norms changing with younger generations?
A: Millennials and Gen Z are more comfortable living publicly.
Q: Why is privacy a concern in digital marketing?
A: Tracking user behavior can feel invasive, and anonymity may lead to abuse.
Q: What’s one risk of online anonymity?
A: It can enable harmful or misleading behavior with little accountability.
Q: What is astroturfing?
A: A fake grassroots campaign created by large organizations to appear citizen-led.
Q: Why is transparency important in social media?
A: It helps users distinguish real content and intent from manipulative tactics.
Q: What is the challenge in balancing transparency and privacy?
A: Ensuring openness without violating user rights or misusing data.
Q: What is LinkedIn's primary purpose?
A: Professional development and work-focused networking.
Q: What can users do on LinkedIn?
A: Identify shared interests, connect with professionals, and follow relevant topics.
Q: What makes something newsworthy?
A: It’s often unexpected, though more commonly predictable; focuses on events more than trends.
Q: What are pseudo-events?
A: Events staged specifically to attract media attention.
Q: What is a soft news day?
A: A day when little significant news occurs, leading to use of lighter, human-interest stories.
Q: What is agenda-setting?
A: Media's role in determining which topics are considered important by the public.
Q: Who were major figures in journalism’s historical development?
A: Pulitzer and Hearst, known for circulation wars and sensationalism.
Q: What is the Hutchins Commission known for?
A: Advocated for a free and responsible press and ethical journalism standards.
Q: What’s the importance of separating editorial and business operations?
A: Maintains the integrity and independence of journalistic content.
Q: What does “framing the news” mean?
A: How journalists shape stories using specific language, tone, and sources.
Q: What are the stages of creating news?
A: Gathering, producing, and distributing news.
Q: How did electronic journalism change news delivery?
A: Radio and TV introduced new storytelling formats and led to 24-hour news cycles.
Q: What is interpretive reporting?
A: Journalism that adds context using the reporter’s background and knowledge.
Q: What is advocacy journalism?
A: Journalism that promotes reform and critiques societal structures.
Q: What is alternative journalism?
A: Often radical or unconventional, challenging mainstream objectivity.
Q: What is public journalism?
A: Journalism focused on civic engagement and nuanced, balanced coverage.
Q: What is citizen journalism?
A: News reported by ordinary people via blogs, forums, and social media.
Q: What is constructive journalism?
A: Journalism that emphasizes solutions and encourages civic engagement.
Q: What are challenges journalists face globally?
A: Formal and informal censorship affecting news content.
Q: What are trends in digital journalism?
A: Use of nontraditional sources, personalization, and contextualization.
Q: What affects journalism salaries?
A: Medium, market, experience, gender, and position.
Q: What diversity issue exists in journalism?
A: Underrepresentation of minorities and women, especially in management.
Q: What is PR's role compared to advertising?
A: PR seeks earned media through events, not paid ads.
Q: How is PR effectiveness measured?
A: By how much media coverage is based on PR materials.
Q: What is strategic communication?
A: Persuading audiences through tailored messages using effective media channels.
Q: What are the three rhetorical appeals?
A: Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotion), Logos (logic).
Q: What are the three pillars of persuasion?
A: Audience, Author, Text.
Q: What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?
A: A persuasion theory describing central vs. peripheral message processing.
Q: What is cognitive dissonance in communication?
A: Acting before thinking, then rationalizing to align with our self-image.
Q: What is media’s role in persuasion?
A: Raises awareness and influences behavior; persuades gatekeepers to publish.
Q: What does PR do to manage reputations?
A: Shapes how the public views clients and maintains favorable image.
Q: Who were key figures in PR history?
A: Ivy Lee, Edward Bernays (founder), Arthur Page (ethics advocate).
Q: What is the two-way symmetrical model in PR?
A: A model emphasizing ethical, mutual relationships between orgs and publics.
Q: How did social media change PR?
A: It enabled two-way communication and greater audience engagement.
Q: What is a PR pitch?
A: A request to media to cover a client or product.
Q: What percentage of news is influenced by pseudo-events?
A: As much as 75%.
Q: How do PR firms structure their work?
A: By core practices, relationship types, service activities, and industry sectors.
Q: What is integrated communication?
A: Coordinated use of all communication channels for consistent messaging.
Q: What’s a major challenge PR faces online?
A: Balancing transparency with reputation management.