Health Promotion, Screening, Disease Prevention, Adolescent and Adult

A comprehensive set of Q&A flashcards covering leading health statistics, cancer facts, preventive services guidelines, screening recommendations, vaccines, and related public health concepts from the notes.

What is the leading cause of death in the United States for all ages and sexes?

Heart disease.

What are the second and third leading causes of death in the United States for all ages and sexes?

Second: Cancer; Third: Accidents/unintentional injuries.

Among cancers, what are the top three cancer deaths (all ages/sexes)?

Lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, pancreas.

What percent of all cancers in the United States are diagnosed in people aged 55 years or older?

About 80%.

Which cause has the highest death rate among teen males, and what is the most common fatal cause in 16–19-year-olds?

Unintentional injuries are highest; the most common fatal cause is motor vehicle crashes.

What signs may indicate depression and potential suicide risk in teens?

Talking about suicide, saying goodbye to friends/family, social isolation, and death-related social media posts.

Is homicide a more significant issue among youths compared with other age groups?

Yes; nonfatal and fatal violence are higher among young people.

List the leading causes of mortality by age group (Birth-12 months, 1-44, 45-64, 65+).

Birth-12 months: Congenital malformations; 1-44 years: Unintentional injuries; 45-64 years: Cancer; 65+ years: Heart disease.

What was the 2021 average life expectancy in the United States, and the breakdown by sex?

Average 76.4 years; males 73.5, females 79.3.

What is the most common cancer type and the most common type of skin cancer?

Most common cancer overall: skin cancer; most common skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma; melanoma causes most skin cancer deaths.

In men, which cancer has the highest prevalence and which causes the most deaths?

Highest prevalence: prostate cancer; most deaths: lung cancer.

In women, which cancer has the highest prevalence and which causes the most deaths?

Highest prevalence: breast cancer; most deaths: lung cancer.

What do the screening test mnemonics SIN and SPOUT stand for?

Sensitivity: 'rule in' (SIN); Specificity: 'rule out' (SPOUT).

Give examples of primary prevention measures.

Healthy diet and exercise; seatbelts and helmets; gun safety; immunizations; OSHA/EPA regulations; reducing risky behaviors; aspirin prophylaxis in select adults (age 40–59, ≥10% CVD risk) after individual assessment.

What are some examples of secondary prevention?

Screening tests (Pap, mammograms, CBC for anemia); depression screening; STI screening; alcohol-use screening (CAGE); hepatitis C testing for at-risk adults 18–79.

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

Rehabilitation and support: cardiac rehab, physical/occupational therapy; support groups; patient education to avoid drug interactions and manage chronic diseases.

According to USPSTF (April 2022), who should consider starting low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of CVD?

Adults aged 40–59 with ≥10% 10-year CVD risk, life expectancy ≥10 years, and willing to take daily aspirin for ≥10 years.

What are the USPSTF breast cancer screening recommendations as of the notes, including updates?

Baseline mammogram at age 50 and every 2 years until 74; insufficient evidence to routinely screen ≥75; update suggests biennial screening 40–74 in progress; BRCA+ may warrant MRI plus mammogram yearly beginning around age 30.

What is the American Cancer Society’s guidance for women at highest risk (BRCA mutation) regarding breast cancer screening?

Annual breast MRI and mammogram starting around age 30.

What are the cervical cancer screening guidelines noted (ages and intervals)?

Age 20 or younger: do not screen; 21–29: every 3 years with cytology alone; 30–65: every 3 years with cytology alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV plus cytology.

What are the colorectal cancer screening baselines and age ranges per USPSTF (May 2021)?

Baseline at 45–75 years; 76–85 individualized; ≥85 stop routine screening; methods include colonoscopy every 10 years, flexible sigmoidoscopy/CT colonography every 5 years, stool tests annually (FOBT/FIT) or stool DNA every 1–3 years.

What are the USPSTF lipid screening and statin recommendations for primary prevention?

Total lipid profile after a 9-hour fast; consider statins for adults 40–75 with one or more CVD risk factors and 10-year risk ≥10%; insufficient evidence to recommend initiating statins at age ≥76.

What is the USPSTF guideline for lung cancer screening?

Annual LDCT for adults 50–80 with a history of smoking; discontinue if no smoking for 15 years or with life expectancy/health that precludes curative treatment.

What does the guidance say about ovarian cancer screening?

Routine screening not recommended; refer high-risk patients for genetic risk evaluation and counseling.

What is the Prostate Cancer screening guidance for age ranges?

Individualize decision for ages 55–69; do not screen those aged 70 and older.

What are key prevention/screening counseling points for skin cancer?

Behavioral counseling to minimize UV exposure; avoid peak sun hours (10 a.m.–4 p.m.); use SPF 15+; protective clothing and hats.

What does USPSTF say about skin cancer screening?

Evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms; routine screening not currently recommended.

What baseline ages and intervals are given for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening?

One-time ultrasound for men aged 65–75 who have smoked.

What is the recommended breast cancer screening baseline and interval, and when might initiation occur per newer guidance?

Baseline at age 50 with biennial mammography until 74; some updates suggest starting at 40; stop routine screening at 75+; individualize by risk.

What baseline screening and frequency is recommended for blood pressure in adults?

Baseline screening starting at age 18 and repeated as needed; diagnostic confirmation outside clinical setting may be used.

What are the USPSTF recommendations for diabetes screening in adults?

Screen adults 35–70 years who are overweight or have obesity; broader screening may be considered based on risk factors.

What are the Hepatitis C and HIV baseline age recommendations?

Hepatitis C: screen adults 18–79; HIV: screen ages 15–65 (and at-risk groups) with pregnant people screened as well.

What baseline TB screening recommendations are noted?

Latent TB baseline is asymptomatic adults at increased risk; TB blood tests (IGRAs) preferred if history of BCG vaccination.

What is Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza) and when is it used?

A single-dose antiviral for treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza within 2 days of onset in people ≥12 who are healthy or at high risk.

What are the influenza vaccine formulations and which is preferred for those aged 65 and older?

Inactivated/trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines; high-dose (Fluzone HD) or adjuvanted vaccines preferred for 65+; Flublok (egg-free) available; LAIV for healthy 2–49 years, not generally for pregnant or immunocompromised.

What are the key varicella vaccine details?

Two doses total; 12–15 months and 4–6 years (infants); for age 13+ needs two doses 4–8 weeks apart; avoid pregnancy for 1 month after vaccination; MMRV available for some ages.

What is Shingrix and what are its dosing and recommendations?

Shingrix is the recombinant zoster vaccine for adults 50+; two doses 2–6 months apart; recommended even if previously vaccinated with Zostavax or if you’ve had shingles; protectors include 90% efficacy; second dose should not be restarted if delayed more than 6 months.

What are the Tdap/Td vaccination guidelines for healthcare workers and during pregnancy?

Tdap is given once (replace a Td dose for a lifetime) starting at 11–12 years; during each pregnancy, a Tdap dose is recommended between 27 and 36 weeks gestation.

What is the purpose of the MMRV vaccine and when is it used?

Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella combination vaccine (ProQuad) for those age 12 or younger; used to simplify vaccination schedule.

What should be done for postexposure varicella prophylaxis?

Vaccinate ideally within 72 hours, but up to 5 days after exposure for previously unvaccinated healthy individuals.

What is the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP)?

A federal program to compensate people who have been injured by certain vaccines.

What are influenza vaccination timing considerations and end-of-season guidance?

Vaccinate by end of October; continue vaccination as long as influenza activity continues, often through January or later; egg-allergic individuals with hives may still be vaccinated.

What are the key Pneumococcal vaccine guidelines for adults?

PPSV23 for all adults 65+ or high-risk 2–64; PCV13 for high-risk adults 19+ with certain conditions; booster PPSV23 at 65+ if initial dose before 65; PCV15/PCV20 options in some schedules.

What are some healthcare worker vaccination requirements and immunity proofs?

Mumps: proof of immunity (born before 1957 or positive titers); Varicella: proof of immunity (positive titer or two doses); Hepatitis B: complete series and anti-HBs serology if needed; Influenza: annual vaccination.

What is the preferred TB testing method for someone with a history of BCG vaccination?

TB blood testing (QuantiFERON or T-SPOT) is preferred over the skin test.