11.2 Antibodies & Vaccination

antibody

antigen binding site, variable, hinge, flexibility, antigen

antibody

light, sugar, heavy, disulfide

Antibodies 1
Ø  G__ g__ called immunoglobins
Ø  _-shaped q__ w/ 2 h__ + 2 l__ polypeptide chains bonded via d__ bonds
Ø  Constant regions don’t change if same antibody class
o   Determines mechanism used to destroy antigens

globular glycoproteins, Y, quaternary, heavy, light, disulfide

Antibodies 2
Ø  V__ region is where antibody a__ to a__ → antigen-antibody c__
o   Antigen-binding site is at variable region e__ (both light & heavy) & vary = s__ for antigens
o   Epitope: part on antigen that binds to a__
Ø    H__ region = f__ so antigen-binding site can be placed at diff a__ when binding to antigen

variable, attaches, antigen, complex, ends, specificity, antibody, hinge, flexibility, angles

Antibody Functions
Ø  Produced by _-lymphocytes (__ cell) ;; func: b__ to specific a__
1.      A__ to v__/toxins, p__ them from e__ cells
2.      A__ to f__ on b__ = ↓active = easier p__
3.      A__ of p__ = ↓likely to s__ & ↑pathogens e__ at same time

B, plasma, binds, antigens, attach, viruses, preventing, entering, attach, flagella, bacteria, phagocytosis, agglutination, pathogen, spread, engulfed

Antibody Functions
4 Create h__ in cell __ of pathogen = b__ when o__ occurs
5 Attach to b__ (as opsonin) = easily i__ by phagocyte
6 Act as a__ by combining to & n__ toxins

holes, wall, break, osmosis, bacteria, identified, antitoxins, neutralising

Monoclonal antibodies mAbs via hybridoma method
Ø  mAbs are made from a single _ cell clone ;; allows a lot of i__ a__ to be made
Ø  Fuses p__ + c__ cells, combining their useful props:
o     P..: makes a__       
    C..: d__ i__ via m__ → i__ cells

B, identical antibodies, plasma, cancer, antibodies, divides indefinitely, mitosis, identical

Making mAbs via hybridoma method
1.      M__ i__ w/ a__ = s__ production of __ cells
2.    These cells collected from s__ & f__ w/ __ cells → h__ via e__ current
3.      Hybridoma grown in selective growth m__ & screened & c__

mice injected, antigen, stimulates, plasma, spleen, fused, cancer, hybridoma, electric, medium, cultured

Uses of mAbs
Ø  Fast d__ of stuff   e.g. HIV, cancer, pathogens
Ø  Locating blood c__/pathogen
o   Make hybridoma for fibrin
o    Attach r__ subst. to ts (gamma)
o     Clots are found where antibodies a__ to fibrin, so use gamma-ray camera to find clots

diagnosis, clots, radioactive, attach

Active immunity: immunity when a__ enters body = s__ i__ r__ (a__ made)
Ø  Natural: infection from p__   ;;   Artificial: v__
Ø  __ cells made = l__-term immunity
Ø  Takes t__ for enough B/T cells to be made during p__ response
o In secondary response, ↓time needed & ↑antibody conc.

antigen, specific immune response, antibodies, pathogen, vaccination, memory, long, time, primary

Passive immunity: immunity w/o__ i__ r__ (__ antibodies made i.e. must be g__ antibodies)
Ø    Natural: antibodies carried across the p__ → f__ OR via b__ m__ (colostrum)
Ø  Artificial: i__ of antibodies (e.g. antitoxin) from someone else
Ø    i__ system not activated so no __ cells made = s__ term immunity
Ø For diseases that can k__ b__ a__ immunity can happen

out immune response, no, given, placenta, foetus, breast milk, injection, immune, memory, short, kill before active

Vaccines
Ø    Given via i__ or o__ → __ cells made = l__-term immunity (= faster __ response)
1.      L__ a__
o   Contain w__ p__ hat were “w__” & multiply s__
o     Body r__ antigens → __ immune response (__ cells make a__)
o   S__ & longer lasting

injection, orally, memory, long, secondary, live attenuated, whole pathogens, weakened, slowly, recognises, primary, plasma, antibodies, stronger

Vaccines
2.  i__
o   Contain whole pathogens that are f__/partially d__
o   Thus c__ cause d__ (even for w__ immune systems)
o   Not as s__/longer lasting as l__ a__ vaccines
o R__ (booster) doses often needed

inactivated, fully, dead, cant, disease, weak, strong, live attenuated, repeated

Controlling Diseases w/ Vaccines
Ø  H__ i__ can occur: l__ portion of pop. v__ = ↓ppl have it = hard for p__ to s__ bc non-vaccinated ppl w__ get the disease
Ø Thus many c__ are vaccinated early (some diseases extinct now)

herd immunity, large, vaccinated, pathogen, spread, wont, children